Introduction :
hong kong International Airport is one of the greatest civil engineering projects and spectacular airport in the world. Starts it serving purpose in July 1998 and sticks to four serving purposes which are Safety, Operational Efficiency, Customer Convenience and Environment leads them to almost 50 times recognition of world’s best airport. HKIA was previously named as Chek Lap Kok Airport .It was built by land reclamation at the island of Chek Lap Kok and as the replacement for old Hong Kong airport, Kai Tak Airport. The construction of HKIA was not about the airport solely but the roads, bridge, tunnel and bridge links to the airport also. Prior to this project, studies had been carried out by Public Works department and Hong Kong Civil Aviation. Their aims were to identify a new suitable airport site and found that airport away from congested city ,the flight path will be routed over the South China Sea instead of the urban area, thus enable the operation of multiple runway at day and night.
In order to reduce the noise pollution and disturbance to the citizens, the airport was eventually built on a large artificial land formed between the Chek Lap Kok and Lam Chau islands, reclaiming 9.38 km² of the adjacent seabed and this project was believed to be the most expensive airport project. The airport consists of two runways and terminals but in order to allocate more demands of passengers and increase the runway capacity for long term advantages, third runway construction process is currently in progress. The well-planned HKIA is definitely a good example of sustainable construction product and well-equipped by lot of facilities such as Hong Kong Business Aviation Centre, Intermodal transportation hub, Aircraft maintenance services, Airport based ground services and Baggage and cargo facilities.
The Term Paper on Research On Hong Kong
Hong Kong, British dependency in eastern Asia, on the South China Sea, bordered by China on the north. It is made up of many islands, a portion of the mainland, and a considerable expanse of water surface. It has a land area of 1076 sq km (415 sq mi). Despite its small size, Hong Kong plays an important role in the world economy. The dependency can be divided into three main regions-Hong Kong ...
Design :
Hong Kong International Airport is one of the most important airports in the world. For the design part, the design of the airport gave a great contribution to the development of sustainable infrastructure. Since the airport has major parts, for examples terminal 1, terminal 2, concourse and others buildings etc, each of the design of the part takes count in making the airport sustainable. In this case study, we will mainly talk about the terminals and runway of the Hong Kong Airport, which is the most important part in explaining the sustainable infrastructure. There are currently 2 terminals for the Hong Kong International Airport, which are terminal 1 and terminal 2. Terminal 1 is known as the third largest terminal in the world, which covers an area of 846000 m2. For terminal 2, it covers an area of 140000m2 and a SkyPlaza in it which offers the retail stores and entertainments to the passengers.
It is good to know that the whole wonderful masterpiece is designed by the Foster and Partners. But for the terminal 2, is it designed by the Skidmore, Owings and Merrill architecture firm. First of all, we will discuss about the design of the terminal. For the two terminals, both of them are designed and have been taken consideration for the people or passengers who need special requirement. The low-kerb drop-off areas are designed for the specials needs passengers. To take care of the passengers, the Arrivals Halls and The Departures Halls have only 1 level difference and there are lifts, escalators and ramps to help them access to these levels. For the ramp, it is specially made with a gradient of 1/20 to make the movement of the wheelchair passenger easier. Besides, inside the terminal, there are also shuttle trains that make the special needs passengers’ life easier. Apart of these, the roofs of the terminal are designed to let the skylights during the daylight to penetrate into the airport.
The Term Paper on Property market in Hong Kong
Introduction Hong Kong has established its real estate markets since 1841, when it became a colony of the British Empire after the First Opium War. As a small city with only an area of 1,104 square km, but over 7 millions of people, Hong Kong has one of the most prosperous property markets and which has created a huge amount of wealth. According to Forbes list of Hong Kong billionaires 2012, the ...
This move is to ensure that the artificial lights can be reduced so that the electricity can be saved, and thus it is more environmental friendly which then links to sustainable design. During the day light, to let the skylights enter the terminal through the roofs, the roofs are design to occupy around 5% of the roof area, which the roof itself was designed to be fabricated onsite in curved 36m2. Besides, the walls of the terminal are constructed transparent so that the passengers feel that they are really in the airports and can enjoy the departure and taking off of the aircrafts.
In my own words, the aim of the Hong Kong International Airport is to serve the passengers and their luggage safely and quickly. To achieve it, a good airport terminal design is needed. As for the runway designs, Hong Kong International Airport has now two runways to handle the capacity of the aircrafts. In order to improve the coping of the capacity and the management of the aircrafts, two options have been made to the public. The 1st option is maintaining the existing 2-runways systems. With this, it can only cope with a maximum capacity of 420,000 flight movements per year. With this option, the runway capacity of the airport will reach its maximum state at year 2022.
Figure 1 Plan view of the 2-runway system
For option 2, they are planning to expand the runway into a 3-runway system. With this system, they need to reclaim more land to do the expansion and thus the cost of construction will be high. However the maximum capacity of flight movements after the expansion is 620,000. With this system, the maximum runway capacity will be 2030 or beyond it. Thus, at last the Hong Kong Government used this option 2 as the plan since it will be a long-term advantage to the people and the economy of Hong Kong and worldwide. By the way, to cope with this option, few problems like the environmental impact on the nature and air should be taken count.
The Essay on Is Hong Kong Still a Shoppers’ Paradise?
In the past decade, Hong Kong has been well known for its duty free and wide range of goods, it allows people from the world have a fantastic shopping experience. However, more news reporting the negative images of Hong Kong tourism which adversely affects the image of “shoppers’ paradise”, are arisen. While numerous tourists can be seen in tourist spots in Hong Kong, some contend that they no ...
References
1. Fosterandpartners.com (1992) Foster + Partners. [online] Available at: http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/0639/default.aspx [Accessed: 20 Dec 2012]. 2. Hongkongairport.com (2009) Passenger Guide – Arrivals – Terminal Design – Hong Kong International Airport. [online] Available at: http://www.hongkongairport.com/eng/passenger/arrival/t1/special-needs-access/passenger-terminals.html [Accessed: 20 Dec 2012]. 3. Seele.com (1997) Structure · seele. [online] Available at: http://www.seele.com/structure-en/chek-lap-kok-hongkong-airport-2.html [Accessed: 21 Dec 2012]. 4. HENRY, J. et al. (1957) DISCUSSION ON AIRPORT PAPER NO. 35: THE PLANNING AND DESIGN OF THE NEW HONG KONG AIRPORT. ICE Proceedings, 7 (2), p. 305 –325. Available at: http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/docserver/fulltext/iicep.1957.2568.pdf?expires=1356064350&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=F2752E4638D57FEF9718862138A3555B [Accessed: 19 December 2012]. 5. Unknown. (2011) HKIA – The Best Airport in The World. Building Journal Hong Kong, (August 2011), Available at: http://www.building.com.hk/feature/2011_0922airport1.pdf [Accessed: 19 December 2012]. 6. Unknown. (2005) ANALYSIS OF AIRPORT ACCESS MODE CHOICE: A CASE STUDY IN HONG KONG. Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, 6 p.708 – 723. Available at: http://www.easts.info/on-line/journal_06/708.pdf [Accessed: 18 December 2012].
Construction Stage and Process :
The map of Hong Kong International Airport
Construction of Hong Kong new international airport
1. Land Reclamation
2. Construction of immersed tunnel
3. Construction of highways
4. Construction of Tsing-Ma Bridge
Land Reclamation
Hong Kong international airport is formed by combining two small islands, Chep Lap Kok and Lam Chau into one big artificial island. The mountain of the two small islands were blasted .Giant earth mover was used to demolish the landscape, tons of rubbles is then recycled as filled to turn the two small islands to one large one. Before that could be happened, large underwater dredger used to clean the seafloor. It acts like a giant vacuum cleaner by removing the layer of soft mud 40ft thick to expose a stable rock below. The removing layer of sand is then released from the dredger to fill up followed by the pulverize remained of the island mountain.
The Term Paper on Golden Gate Bridge 2
The Golden Gate Bridge is a well-recognized landmark in the United States. This report provides you numerous information about one of the most astonishing suspension bridges in the world, it as well enlighten you with the history, design and the way that they have managed how to maintain the safety while construction was going on. The idea of a bridge linking the city with its neighbouring ...
The underwater dredger splashing the removing layer sand from seafloor
Immersed tube
Separate tunnel sections made up of mammoth concrete and steel section were manufactured at the harbor side quary. When the section was completed, the two ends of the section are sealed with bulkhead to allow the section to float. Then, the builder floated the quarry .Each floated segment is then towed to the location, once in position, the sealed is broken causing it to sink into final location. The segments under the harbor is then pulled together by powerful hydraulic jack and created the water tight sealed.
The floating sections at the harbor side quary and been towed out from the quary
The seals are broken and sinking into water
Segment is pulled by hydraulic jack
Box-section beam and girder type segment launcher
Kwai-Chung expressway (Route 3)
Kwai-Chung expressway are linked from Cheung Ching Tunnel ( 3-lane twin tube tunnel) to the Tsing-Ma bridge through an open expressway. It was extremely difficult to build the expressway due to it was constructed above the busy lane of Kwai-Chung Road which had to remain open throughout the construction period. In constructing the expressway, box-section beam and girder type segment launched had been used .This method required lesser ground space and can maintain the operation of the road below the construction.
The North Lantau Expressway from Hong Kong international airport to Tsing Ma bridge
North Lantau Expressway
North Lantau expressway was constructed to link the hong kong international airport to the Tsing ma bridge. The highway accommodates a dual three-lane highway and high speed airport railway. Due to its alignment follow the uneven northen shoreline, the expressway got to expand along the shoreline. Approximate 75% of the expressway’s route lies on reclaimed land and 9.5km of rubble mound seawall has to be built. Most of the land reclamation was marine sourced and is compacted by vibroflotation techniques.
Tsing-Ma bridge design
Tsing Ma bridge
Tsing Ma bridge is built to connect from the airport to the city of Hong Kong which is part of the Lantau link. It is one of the largest double deck suspension bridge in the world. Due to one of the most frequent destructive force the typhoon in Hong Kong. The bridge is stiffening by adding another deck below the top deck. Below the mainroad deck, two extra traffic lanes and railway were added.
The Essay on Disneyland Florida is way ahead of Disneyland Hong Kong
I am a child at heart and loves going to amusement parks. I was bale to visit all Disneylands in the world. I am filled with many memories being in those places and I can say that nothing compares to Disneyland Florida. I went to Disneyland in Japan and Disneyland in Hong Kong but still, Disneyland Florida is the best. I wanted to discuss more about Disneyland Florida as compared to Disneyland ...
The Tsing Ma Bridge was first built with two bridge tower, one at Tsing Yi side another one at man-made island Ma Wan side. The towers are founded shallow on bedrock with two-legged trusses at interval and is contrcuted with high-strength concrete of 100Mpa strength. The suspension cable is pulled by large gravity anchorages at both ends of the bridge.
They are huge concrete structure seated on bedrock on the landside of Tsing Yi and Ma Wan. The Cable is installed by aerial spinning process which involves drawing wire from a constant- tension supply and pulling the wires from one anchorage to another. Installing the huge bridge deck was the most dangerous part of the job. The steelwork for the deck structure was fabricated in Japan and Britain. Each prefabricated section were brought to the site by barge and hoisted vertically from the barge of water to the position by a pair of strand jack gantries.
Bibliography
References
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2. Enggpedia.com (1991) Hong Kong International Airport – Bridge, Foundation, Tunnels & Land Reclamation. [online] Available at: http://www.enggpedia.com/civil-engineering-encyclopedia/megastructures/hong-kong-airport [Accessed: 21 Dec 2012].
3. English.stec.net (1960) Development of Immersed Tube Techniques in Hong Kong-English.stec.net. [online] Available at: http://english.stec.net/english/english_detail.asp?id=761 [Accessed: 21 Dec 2012].
4. Google Books (n.d.) Site Preparation for the New Hong Kong International Airport. [online] Available at: http://books.google.com.my/books?hl=en&lr&id=NVlGrr9WOp4C&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=Hong+kong+international+airport+EIA&ots=KrY_JsNj4l&sig=Yjq9LoKQ5Nv76GzYGRxH-X3bJAk#v=onepage&q=Hong%20kong%20international%20airport%20EIA&f=false [Accessed: 21 Dec 2012].
The Essay on Huella Online
Introduction Huella Online Travel was an Internet travel portal Founded in 1999 in Kuala Lumpua, Malaysia targeting Greater China and Asian Pacific. It expanded into 10 different markets across Asia, including Hong Kong. Huella online travel sells travel related products and services to customers, on behalf of suppliers, such as airlines, car rentals and hotels. Problem Statement Hong Kong ...
5. Unknown. (2012) [online] Available at: • http://www.mottmac.com.cn/projects/transport/northlantauexpressway/?lang=en-GB [Accessed: 21 Dec 2012].
6. Unknown. (2012) [online] Available at: • http://www.hyd.gov.hk/eng/public/publications/factsheet/doc/e_tsing_ma_bridge.pdf [Accessed: 21 Dec 2012].
7. Wdf.org (1993) Global Super Projects Conference. [online] Available at: http://www.wdf.org/gspc/virtual2001/html/RoblinNg/gspc-r3.htm [Accessed: 21 Dec 2012].
