social network is a description of the social structure between actors, mostly individuals or organization (Serrat, 2009).
Social network comprise community groups or organization, individual, and the relationship or connection among them. Any one individual can be part of multiple social networks, and the nature of these networks and the individual’s connection to the network can vary greatly (NIH, 2011).
Bonding and bridging are two different kinds of connectivity. Bonding denotes connection in a tightly knit group whilst bridging denotes connections to diverse others (Hope and Reinelt, 2010).
These two terms are commonly used in the social capita literature. The extent to which bonding or bridging occurs in a network often represent an intermediary outcome of leadership development. Social network is also fragmented into cluster of individuals having similar characteristic since clustering of individuals having similar characteristics since clustering is general property of networks. In many cases, a person’s friends may be friends with each other, creating a clique. A cluster is a tightly knit, highly bonded, subgroup. Identifying clutters is important because it illuminates important previously unrecognized subgroups.
LEADERSHIP NETWORKS There are four types of leadership networks (i) Peer Leadership network is a system a system of social ties among leaders who are connected through shared interest and commitments, shared work, or share experience. Peer leadership network provide leaders with access to resources that they can trust. (ii) Organizational leadership networks is set of social ties that are structured to increase performance (iii) Field-policy leadership network is characterized by a network connecting leaders who share common interests and who have a commitment to influence a field of practice or policy.
The Essay on Islam Social Responsibility Individual Society Economic
One of the pertinent areas that Islam highlights in its organization is in the aspect of the rights of an individual and his social responsibility. Islam believes that one of the means to realize justice is to harmonize individual rights and social responsibility. It is believed that the proper approach to this issue is very fundamental in order to achieve a thoughtful society, as opposed to the ...
Effective field-policy leadership networks make it easier for larders to find common ground around the issues they care about, mobilize support and influence policy and the allocation of resources. (iv) Collective leadership networks is a self-organized system of social ties among people attracted to a common cause or focused on a share goal. Collective distribution refers to two or more leaders who work separately but interdependently in pursuit of a shared goal, and their interdependent activities generate leadership practice.
In reality, these characterizations are independent: leadership will move between different types of leadership and will be made up of both formal and informal activities. SCALE-FREE NETWORK Researchers have also discovered that some social networks are scale-free. This class of network is characterized by a few relatively highly linked or well-connected by a few links. One important implication of this organization is that such networks are highly resistant to random perturbations. Scale-free network usually have few hubs with very high degrees.
Therefore, scale-free network much more vulnerable than a random or ordered network to perturbation. More specifically, a scale-free network has the following properties: * The whole graph is rather sparse but has locally dense regions. * It has a “power-law” degree distribution: a few high degree noes hold the whole network together. All the remaining nodes have very low degree. * It is an “ultra-small world” graph with small diameter and ultra-small average path length. * It has a high “clustering coefficient” * It is “resilient” to random attack, however “vulnerable” to designed attack.
The Term Paper on Reasons for Free Trade
Free trade can be defined as the situation whereby governments impose no artificial barriers to trade that restrict the free exchange of goods and services between countries with the aim of protecting domestic producers from foreign competitors. The argument for free trade is based on the economic concept of comparative advantage. Comparative advantage is the economic principle that nations should ...
The scale-free network explains the existence of hubs and cliques in terms of two features of network evolution: growth and preferential attachment. Two mechanism, growth and preferential attachment may explain the existence of hubs. HIERARCHY, HETERARCHY, HOLARCHY AND LEADERSHIP A hierarchy is a type of network structure, with nodes designed right in at every level. Hierarchy basically is a multilevel system, distribute vertically, in which every part of every level is seen as part of the overall system (Edward, 2009).
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Hierarchies mostly based on assigned authority and tend to be heterogeneous, rigid, slow to react, and sometimes they do not work exactly as supposed. It is not exactly an efficient or effective way of doing things (Striness, 2002).
Many informal networks operate below the surface and they are often invisible in the formal structure or hierarchy. Informal leaders mostly are related to the horizontal networks. This horizontal network is called as heterarchy. Heterarchy (Edward, 2009) or network (Striness, 2002) represent intersection at the same level.
Heterarchies or network is based on trust and tend to be homogeneous, flexible, and rapid to react (Strinesss, 2002).
The combination of hierarchy and heterarchy is called holarchy. Holarchy can also be seen as nested hierarchy. At every level (holon) on holarchy can be treated as part of the higher levels, from junior holon to senior holon (Edward, 2009) Barbasi argued that scale-free organization implying that small groups of nodes organize in a hierarchical manner into increasingly large group, while maintaining a scale-free topology.
Hence, holons associates to form higher order holons (Smith, 2009, Ravasz and Barbasi 2003).
There are some properties of holarchy: (i) The higher the holarchy the more inclusive there are. (ii) In holarch, the interactions are bidirectional in which junior and senior holons influence each other (iii) Holarchy exhibits a complex relationship. (iv) Holarchy has a multiple state properties. (v) Holarchy is more egalitarian compared to hierarchy in their function and properties.
LEADERSHIP, social capital AND SOCIAL NETWORKS In general, social capital defined as norms and networks and society (Woolcox, 2001), which encourage cooperation based on trust, honesty, and respect each other (Fukuyama, 1999).
The Essay on Social Capital and how it Influences Migration
Several scholars have given varying definitions of the term social capital. Social capital is a term used to refer to: “features of social organization such as networks, norms and social trust that facilitate coordination and cooperation for mutual benefit” (Putman 67). Fukuyama, another scholar, refers to it as an instantiated norm that is informal in nature and promotes cooperation among the ...
Social capital has two forms, horizontal and vertical. Horizontal social capital refers to the bonding and bridging relationship which represent the degree of cohesion among the members of society. Vertical social capital is associated with hierarchy and distribution of power in the society.
As a result, social capital may benefit to some at the cost of others or it may not have impact to some people (Grootaert and van Bastelaer, 2001).
Vertical social capital known as linkage (Woolcox, 2001).
Leadership can be understood as social capital that collects around certain individuals-whether formally designated as leaders or not based on the acuity of their social perceptions and the structure of their social ties. Leader effectiveness involves building social capital that benefits individuals in the organization and extending the social networks of subordinates to facilitate career advancement.
Social capital advantages are likely to be significantly diminished as leaders embed themselves in homogenous groups (bonding), leading to negative effects on market share and profits. Business survival prospects tend to be better for those business whose owners establish a large range of personal contacts with important representative of task environment (bridging) relative to those owners who establish a smaller range of such contacts (Balkundi and Kilduff, 2006).
Governance holarchy occurs when vertical social capital is strong but horizontal social capital is weak (quadrant 2).
Ecological holarchy occurs when vertical and horizontal social capitals are strong and both are balanced (quadrant 1).
In this quadrant leader is more effective since building social capital that benefits individual in the organization and extending the social network of subordinates can be carried out more easily. Development holarchy is located in between. In case that vertical social capital is weak whilst horizontal social capital is strong, involutive progress will occurs due to lack of external connection (quadrant 4).
In case these both horizontal and vertical capitals are weak, cliques which are exclusive will be materialized more easily. The role of bridge diminished when people in one cluster connected directly to the people in neighboring cluster. People with higher income and lower annual spending are more involved in Posdaya activities (Posdaya is voluntary organization which acts as bridge in this case), but this is not hold for people with higher annual spending along with higher income. CONCLUTION To be effective leaders, the topology of social networks should be taken into account.
The Review on Facebook and Social Capital
In what way does Facebook add value to our social capital? Literature review Social networks are a set part of most our daily life’s. Most of us probably also perceive it as beneficial and a positive addition. But do we really use this tool in the most effective way, increasing our social capital - a construct describing the total resources in our networks (Vitak & Ellison 2012)-to the ...
Too many horizontal networks may result in disobedience and involute progress. Yet too rigid vertical connection may decrease leader activity. The vertical and horizontal must be strong enough and both are balance. CASE STUDY The case study that I will tell to you is about the leadership of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, he is the sixth and current President of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the main political leader of the Alliance of Builders of Islamic Iran, a coalition of conservative political groups in the country.
In my opinion he is a good leader, because when he work as a president he do what the president do, but after he go home he just like a normal human. He don’t want to have fancy house with security protected in 24 hours, he just want to have a small house and like to live simply like a normal, not like a president. Ahmadinejad like to talk to the society and eat together with them and said that what he have now is not belong to him but it belong to the society. In brief, he become a good leader because he can balance the vertical networks and horizontal networks.
