Brief Summary
“Why are Students Not Learning on the School Bus?” provides alternative, non-traditional methods of teaching students. The author, Keshia L. Gaines, Ph.D. offers ground-breaking techniques to expand areas for learning opportunities. Research has shown that academic achievement is related to the amount of time a student is engaged in learning. Also, school schedules do not highlight the non-instructional times of a student’s school day. During the school day, missed learning opportunities often occur during transition times, bathroom breaks, intercom interruptions, lunch time, and many other unstructured and unplanned times. The author’s new “Bus-stop 2 Bus-stop™” method is designed to replace academic down-times with unique learning opportunities for outside the classroom. Also, this section gives information about Vygotsky’s social learning theory. (When this book refers to “learning on the school bus” or “learning outside the classroom,” the author is referring to learning academic content).
Bus-stop 2 Bus-stop™ – a learning method for increasing academic achievement by exposing students to academic content outside the classroom (areas such as the bus stop, school bus, cafeteria, bathrooms, hallways, playgrounds, other school areas, and by academic content on clothing of all students and staff members).
The Homework on High School Students Day Time
THIS REPORT WAS TAKEN FROM THIS SITE, AND THEN REFINED TO USE FOR AN ENGLISH 3 PERSUASIVE PARAGRAPH. (-Means New Paragraph, it is 8 paragraphs and 3 pages long) Start here -- -Do you enjoy going to school at 7 in the morning Are you fully awake and think you can handle lifes many daily challenges to the fullest of your ability I think not. -We at Ray more Peculiar High School need more sleep. In ...
The Bus-stop 2 Bus-stop™ Learning Method was created by Dr. Keshia L. Gaines in the Fall of 2010.
“Learning on the School Bus” and the Bus-stop 2 Bus-stop Method
The idea behind the Bus-stop 2 Bus-stop™ learning method is that students will be exposed to academic content starting at the school bus stop. Students will continue to be exposed to academic content throughout their school hours until they get dropped off at that same bus stop at the end of the school day. The name Bus-stop 2 Bus-stop™ was created because the method constantly exposes students, in many different and entertaining ways, to academic content from each “bus stop to bus stop.” Since some students will not ride the school bus, this name is literal in nature. Some students walk to school, skateboard, ride a bicycle, drive (or ride in) a car, etc.
Since some of the Bus-stop 2 Bus-stop™ learning areas may not be supervised by an adult, the method serves as a means for nurturing independent learners. This method plays an important role not only in shaping the school’s culture but also encouraging children to learn on their own. The corresponding research for this method is derived from brain-based learning, visual learning, repetition learning, social learning, incidental learning, and other teaching and learning aspects.
Why are students not learning on the school bus?
For many years students have been transported to and from school by school buses. School districts spend millions of dollars nationally to provide a variety of transportation for students. However, these funds spent on student transportation could also provide an educational benefit if students were exposed to academic content while on the buses.
The interior and exterior of a traditional school bus in America is basically the same in all parts of the country. Most school busses have a bright yellow exterior and a uniform interior, which usually includes the bus-driver’s area and large bus seats for the students. The large backs of the bus seats are a perfect opportunity to provide educational content. Also, television screens could be mounted on school buses, if funds were available. Learning programs should play while a student is riding to and from school. This would greatly increase academic exposure. The academic content should reflect the types of students on that bus route. For example, a bus route with high school students would display high school content on the television screens, while middle or elementary students would display materials tailored to their specific learning levels.
The Essay on To What Extent Should High School Students Be Allowed To
To What Extent Should High School Students be allowed to Exercise Freedom of Speech While on Campus I think that nowadays to deal with an issue of students free speech rights is a tough problem for High School administrators. The matter is that students free speech is protected by the First Amendment. Thus it means that students are allowed to exercise free speech while on campus. But what should ...
An inexpensive way to use this method is to attach small posters or cards, with academic content, above each window on the interior of the bus. This could serve an academic purpose as well as reminding students of their assigned seats. Another inexpensive way to add academic opportunities on the school bus is to add an audio system, which can play catchy songs with academic content. This auditory learning method is better than not providing a learning opportunity at all, but it will have a lesser impact than a visual learning system or a visual learning system with audio.
In considering the larger context of academic content, school buses should include academic content on the exterior of the bus, just as city buses advertise on their exteriors. Specific bus routes could have assigned bus seats with specific study content and study partners. The school could hire a traveling bus tutor to assist students while learning on the school bus. The school bus has been an area of missed learning opportunity for years!
Research Focus: Vygotsky’s Social Learning Theory
In addition to the author’s beliefs about learning on the school bus, this learning area includes a social learning component. When students ride the school bus, they talk and socially interact with their peers. If a learning support, such as Dr. Gaines’s learning pad invention, educational posters, or visual aides are used, students can learn through social learning. These are called scaffolds, or temporary learning supports, and can be adjusted once a student learns the content. As detailed below, Vygotsky’s social learning theory can work with or without teacher guidance. As long as students have a More Knowledgeable Other (MKO), they can learn academic content through social interaction. A More Knowledgeable Other is any person that has more knowledge on a subject than the person being taught.
The Homework on Discuss How Different Approaches to Learning Can Affect Student Success in Higher Education
It utilized a questionnaire based on an academic text, gathering some students, asking them to read the text then answer the questionnaire. Two distinctive groups were formed: students with high levels of understanding and perfect answers, named deep approach learners, and another with lower level, referred to as surface approach learners (Ramsden, 2003). Later, another approach was discovered and ...
Lev Semenovich Vygotsky (1896-1934), a Russian theorist, is best known for his research on social learning. Vygotsky’s social learning theory involves cultural and social contexts of learning and how it shapes development. He believed “every function in the child’s cultural development appears twice: first, on the social level, and later, on the individual level; first, between people (interpsychological) and then inside the child (intrapsychological)” (Vygotsky & Cole, 1978, p. 57).
These social interactions, which are influenced by personal, social, and cultural factors, work together for learning to take place. In short, this theory explains how learning and consciousness are the results of socialization.
According to Daniels (2001), Vygotsky’s theory breaks down into three categories: the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), social learning preceding development, and More Knowledgeable Others (MKO).
The Zone of Proximal Development refers to tasks a child cannot complete alone, but can complete with the assistance of an adult (Daniels, 2001).
In his own words, ZPD, is “the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers” (Vygotsky & Cole, 1978, p. 86).
Vygotsky believed that this method encourages a child to achieve a higher level of achievement than usual. With the child exposed to challenges of a greater difficulty, he or she is able to engage in dialogue with self or others, such as the teacher. Dolya (2010) agrees that this external monologue is internalized as thought. Children can perform at higher levels with help from a More Knowledgeable Other. This can be any person that can help the child academically (Dolya, 2010).
The Term Paper on Learning Stance Language Pupils Students
1 The best form of motivation is self-motivation. Pupils need to connect with teachers if they are achieve this. Teachers can motivate their pupils by meeting their needs for the three 'As': affiliation, agency and autonomy. They do this through the energisers that create a motivating learning climate; the flip side of the energisers are the drainers - things that staff need to avoid doing. ...
The interpretation of ZPD caused ongoing tensions between researchers Valsiner and Gergen and the idea of others. Within the two levels of ZPD, the top represents when the student cannot function without assistance and the bottom level represents when the student can function independently. Dolya (2010) also agrees with Vygotsky in that the teacher and others play an important role in student learning. The Zone of Proximal Development is described as an apprenticeship (Schunk, 2007, p. 248).
Others term the participants as more able and less able (Luckin,1999).
Vygotsky stated “that in order to understand the individual, one must first understand the social relations in which the individual exists” (Wertsch, 1985, p. 15).
According to Vygotsky, socialization effects how humans think. His insight was that the social context of a child is critical to knowledge acquisition and mind processing. Areas such as a child’s school building, housing community, and other surroundings greatly affect the child’s thought patterns. Also, Bodrova and Leong (1996) echoed Vygotsky’s idea of cognition in an external context.
Temporary Learning Supports AKA Scaffolds
Alongside Vygotsky’s concept of Zone of Proximal Development, he invented a concept called scaffolding. Vygotsky defined a scaffold as the “role of teachers and others in supporting the learner’s development and providing support structures to get to that next stage or level” (Raymond, 2000, p. 176).
Basically, scaffolding involves a More Knowledgeable Other (MKO) providing some sort of support, or “scaffold” to help the learner. Shortly after being introduced to the scaffold, the learner may begin to use prior knowledge to understand new content. Scaffolding also involves introducing information on the higher end of the learner’s ZPD (Olson & Pratt, 2000).
Bransford, Brown, & Cocking (2000) explains scaffolding as the MKO helping the learner reach the high end of the ZPD.
Since scaffolds are temporary in nature, the MKO can withdraw them when the learner’s capabilities increase. The goal of using scaffolding is for the learner to master the academic content individually (Hartman, 2002).
When the learner’s knowledge increases, the teacher can reduce the scaffolds. A quote by Vygotsky in Raymond (2000) says that “the system of knowledge itself becomes part of the scaffold or social support for the new learning” (Raymond, 2000, p.176).
The Term Paper on Over Representation of African American Students in the Special Education System.
Introduction My current school has special education roster of 32 students in self contain with over 90% of the students being African-American. This paper will address the large number African-American students in the special education system. Attention will be focus on the social economic roles that play a part in placement. When done properly and in appropriate perspective, special education is ...
Examples of scaffolds include models and prompts of various types for learner assistance (Hartman, 2002).
After the MKO introduces the scaffolds to the learner, he or she may engage in social learning with others (Hartman, 2002).
With scaffolds like The Universal School Bus Seat Learning Pad, learners of various academic levels can interact with each other.
McKenzie (1999) agrees that scaffolding can be used to engage students in learning because it provides a tool for students to organize and focus. In “Scaffolding for Success” McKenzie (1999) describes scaffolding into eight characteristics. These characteristics describe scaffolding instructional techniques and results from scaffolding. According to McKenzie (1999), scaffolding:
1. Provides clear directions and explain just what students must do in order to meet the expectations for the learning activity;
2. Clarifies purpose and keeps purpose and motivation in the forefront;
3. Keeps students on task so that the learner can exercise great personal discretion within parameters but is not in danger of off road stranding;
4. Offers assessment to clarify expectations right from the beginning as students are shown rubrics and standards that define excellence;
5. Points out students to worthy sources by allowing students to put their energy into interpretation rather than wandering;
6. Reduces uncertainty, surprise, and disappointment with a clear goal to maximize learning and efficiency;
7. Delivers efficiency, yet still requires hard work centered on the inquiry that it seems like a potter and wheel; and
8. Creates momentum as searching for understanding inspires and provokes (McKenzie,1999).
In Learning to Learn Ngeow and Yoon (2001) explained a term called problem-based learning (PBL) which encourages children to develop learning practices. Scaffolded instruction is part of PBL. According to Ngeow and Yoon (2001) the More Knowledgeable Other “…designs activities which offer just enough of a scaffold for students to overcome this gap in knowledge and skills” (Ngeow & Yoon, 2001, p. 2).
The Term Paper on Parental involvement and student’s engagement in school activities
In any given classroom and school activity of relatively extended duration and complexity, students’ engagement is never homogeneously high and productive, but rather it fluctuates depending on a number of factors (Mcwayne et al. , 2012; Mattingly et al. , 2013) such as parental involvement (Ho & Williams, 2008; McNeal, 2009; Jose et al. , 2010;). Students engage better in school when parents ...
As explained in Thought and Language, Vygotsky and Hanfmann (1967) pointed out that children develop an inner speech. This is a result of internalizing information after communicating with a More Knowledgeable Other. Vygotsky believed that inner speech, also called private speech leads to cognitive growth (Vygotsky & Hanfmann, 1967).
Recent research studies confirm that scaffolding is a productive learning method. In Visual Tools for Constructing Knowledge, Hyerle (1996) uses various visual prompts as scaffolds to assist learners in remembering content. This method proved to be very beneficial for helping students to understand and remember content.
In addition to the literature, research studies show that scaffolding proves beneficial. Chang, Chen, and Sung (2002) conducted a seven week research study with 126 fifth graders to see if there would be a difference between scores when scaffolding was used versus when it was not used. Before the study began, the students were assigned to four random learning groups that included three levels of exposure to concept maps and one control group. Pre-tests and post-tests were given to test comprehension and summarization abilities. The four random learning groups were broken into map correction (most scaffolding), scaffold fading (moderate scaffolding), and map generation (least scaffolding).
The test was administered at an elementary school in Taipei, Taiwan. There were sixty-six boys and sixty girls separated into groups containing 26, 32, 34, and 34 in the respective groups. The results of this study showed that the correction group (most scaffolding) scored higher on the post-test than the scaffold fading group, generation group, and the control group. The researchers point out that the map correction group excelled because of the scaffolding. Although the scaffold fading (moderate group) had some inconsistent scores, the researchers argued that they could be a result of content difficulty and lack of time for training (Chang, Chen, & Sung, 2002).
In conclusion, this research study showed how concept mapping (scaffolding) “…may serve as a useful graphic strategy for improving text learning” (Chang, Chen, & Sung, 2002, p. 21).
Vygotsky’s thinking ties greatly to a social and cultural background (Vygotsky & Cole, 1978).
From a developmental perspective, Vygotsky believed that culture had a very important role on the development process. It is evident that the ideas of development and culture vary among researchers. Lamb (2005) stated that development is complex because culture is complicated to understand. Also, Lamb (2005) agrees that culture influences child behavior, social interaction, and more. School administrators and staff should take into consideration their school’s culture and apply best practices for exposing students to learning opportunities on the school bus.
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