National Conference on Recent Trends in Engineering & Technology
Socio-economic and Environmental Impact of Minor
Irrigation Command Area – Case Study
(A Literature Review)
Chintan Gajjar
Jignesh Joshi
PG Student, Civil Engineering Dept.,
Shantilal Shah Engineering College,
Bhavnagar, India.
PG Student, Civil Engineering Dept.,
Shantilal Shah Engineering College,
Bhavnagar, India.
Abstract— This is a review paper of N. Sahoo and D. Paramjita.
According to them, irrigation is needed not only to improve
production in normal years but also to protect agriculture during
drought years. So at present, the answer to mitigate the difficulty
is by constructing minor irrigation projects and utilizing ground
water. Simultaneously, its impact on environment has also been
outlined. Study of Suhagi Minor irrigation project demonstrates
the change in socio-economic pattern and brings out the
environmental pollution due to use of higher fertilizer, pesticides,
excessive use of water and continuous growing of paddy.
Keywords-Irrigation project, Agriculture,
Pesticides, Paddy, Deforestation, Drought year.
I.
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Fertilizer,
II.
Introduction
The researchers were having study area or command area
of Suhagi Minor Irrigation Project for their research work,
which is located in Narsinghpur block of Athagarh subdivision in Cuttack district of Orissa state. The project is near
village Sisupathar at a distance of 5 km on forest road from
Jorumu situated on Narsinghpur-Kamaladihi Public Works
Department road. The watershed area (95 sq.km.) is covered
with dense forest. The command area of this project has
several features common to many similar areas of the states of
Orissa, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh etc. Some of the important
characteristics peculiar to backward states like this are;
(i)
Dependence of the population on traditional
agriculture practices and minor forest produces.
(ii) Poor soil fertility
(iii) Seasonal rainfall
(iv) Poor education and skill
(v)
Low income level
(vi) Fragmented land holding and large number of
marginal farmers and landless labourers.
(vii) Mal-nutrition
(viii) High unemployment level of the work force who
have skill and experience in traditional agricultural practices
only.
13-14 May 2011
(ix) Affinity to particular food habits and sentimental
considerations to raise the staple requirements from the land
owned by farmers.
(x)
Availability of skill in small scale dairy and poultry
farming.
Keeping above things in view, a study was undertaken to
ascertain the impact of irrigation and technological
development on cropping pattern, productivity, input-output of
important crops and to examine the social setting with special
reference to standard of living i.e. necessities, comforts and
luxuries of the selected farmers. Also impact of the project on
environment was studied.
METHODOLOGY
Methodology is the nucleus of any socio-economic
investigations, which covers the sampling technique, design of
The Essay on Background and purpose of the project
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schedules, collection of data, final presentation and
interpretation of data. Information was collected on land
holding, social composition of the family, educational level,
capital assets, land rent, irrigation charges, cropping pattern,
productivity, cost and returns, profitability of crops, household
economy etc. Multi objective programming technique has
been used to allocate different types of crops, animals and
poultry on the basis of availability of irrigation water from the
minor irrigation project. STEP method has been followed for
product allocation in the planning environment in Suhagi
command area. Sensitivity analysis has also been carried out
for the recommended plan to bring out the optimum indicator
of socio-economic condition.
III.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The success of irrigation project and irrigated farming in
any command area depends on the participation of farming
community. The scenario of the Suhagi Command area reveals
that about 81 percent of farmers in the region belong to
marginal and small categories and that they are constrained by
their meager resources to invest in modern farm inputs like
fertilizer and improved seeds. It is concluded from survey that
50 percent holdings are less than 1 ha, percent of the holdings
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are in between 1 to 2 hectares, percent holdings are in between
2 to 4 ha and only 5 percent holdings are above 4 ha. Further,
most of the holdings are fragmented and scattered.
From survey, the researcher observed that;
(i)
Large percentage of area belongs to marginal,
medium and small farmer categories (80%) who cannot invest
much for improved farming practices.
(ii) Farmers with large holding contribute only about 20
percent of the farming area who are in a better positions to
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Preface Water though precious, is one of the scarce resources required for food grain production in our country. Every care should be taken to utilize this resource efficiently. Selection of an appropriate method of irrigation based on crop and soil type is a prerequisite for efficient utilization of water. It also helps in enhancing and sustaining soil productivity in the long run. Various ...
invest and switch over to improved farming once the other
essential inputs like water is made available.
(iii) Animal husbandry is not an attractive economic
activity in the command area due to less number of milch
cattle.
(iv) Per capita income in the command area is very low
(Rs. 808 at 1997 level).
Income distribution per family is
below (Rs.2467).
Labour force utilization in the command
area is at very low level.
(v)
In existing situation (without irrigation project)
labour utilization is 13.33 per cent in Kharif, 4.33 percent in
rabi and 0.37 per cent in summer. Due to this around 60
percent people go to other area or do other non remunerative
work. Therefore, the command area labourers will get
employments for 2.5 months only.
A. Cropping Pattern
The survey remarks indicated by hon. Researchers are
narratted in the following pattern:
(i)
Traditional variety and rainfed high yielding paddy
accounts for nearly 92.93 per cent of total cultivated area.
Cultivation of the remaining crops accounts for only a small
percentage of the total cultivable area.
(ii) A large percentage of the total cultivable area
remains fallow, even in Kharif due to unavailability of
irrigation facility and its consequential higher risk.
(iii) Rabi cultivation is very small and accounts for only
23 percent of the cultivable area. Pulses, oilseeds and
vegetable cultivation use 58.42, 21.13 and 13.44 percent of the
total cultivated land. The farmers resort to these crops as pulse
crops require practically no irrigation and oilseed &
vegetables require little localized irrigation through tanks or
dug wells during Rabi. The yield from these crops is currently
very low and can be substantially increased through irrigation.
(iv) Existing intensity of cropping in the area is very low.
It is only 84.85 percent. This can be substantially increased if
the irrigation facility is made available in the area.
After the irrigation project was completed, the water
available to command area villages have brought substantial
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changes in the socio-economic setups as well as in
environmental condition. The capital inflow and outflow was
increased due to more coverage under high yielding varieties
of paddy and rice based cropping pattern using residual
moisture and life saving irrigation. The change has been listed
below.
13-14 May 2011
B. Socio – Economic Impact
(i)
The utilization of labour force changed from 2.5 man
months to 5.5 man months.
(ii) Cropping intensity increases to 167.35 per cent from
84.85 percent in Kharif. Land use in Kharif is almost 100
percent where as in Rabi, it is about 65 percent.
(iii) Production of cereal, pulses, oilseed and vegetables
are about 120, 478.8, 469 and 22.3 percent more than the
existing level.
(iv) Per capita income exceeded from Rs. 808 to Rs. 2056
and family income exceeds from Rs. 2467 to Rs. 6729.
(v)
For further increase of water resources by 10, 15, 20
percent, the profit to the farmers will increase by 13.8, 19.53
and 27.67 percent respectively. The pay back periods for extra
investment are 0.302, 0.316 and 0.301 years respectively.
(vi) Rice crop could yield only Rs. 3500 per ha in head
reach, Rs. 3107 in middle reach, Rs. 2430 in tail reach.
Farmers earned more net returns in head reach in all crops.
This is due to absence of field channel in the entire command
area.
(vii) Large and medium farmers earned more net returns
per hectare than marginal and small farmers in respect of all
the important crops which was mainly due to better financial
position of former category.
(viii) Fertilizer consumption was increased from 12% to
35% in case of nitrogenous fertilizer and 2% to 20% in case of
other fertilizer.
(ix) Credit from cooperative societies, Gramya bank
increased from 17% to 62%.
(x)
No. of tractors and pump sets increased from 24 to
175 and 320 to 1234 respectively.
(xi) Two wheelers, mopeds, T.V. sets, etc. increased
considerably.
C. Environmental Impact
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In your opinion are water resources over or undervalued in the United States? Water is the most important life element to humans after oxygen. Without water human can live only up to 3 days after which they would die. Today water represents a great and profitable industry for the fact that the producers of the main US soft drinks need water, as well as the ordinary citizen who use water for their ...
With the above positive changes certain environment
impacts are slowly coming up due to water resources project.
The agricultural development could transform low
productivity system into a system of relatively high
productivity which has generated environmental side effects of
varying degrees of importance. Intensive cultivation and deep
ploughing of land with tractors generated fumes which were
emitted into atmosphere which led to substantial air pollution
and consequently caused health hazards. Diesel operated
tractors, pump sets etc. released sulphur dioxide during
operations. It is believed that increased levels of sulphur
dioxides in air lead to incidence of bronchitis and emphysema.
Hydro carbons emitted due to inefficient combustion process
also led to human sickness. The environmental hazards
increased mainly from the chemical control of pests and
weeds. Excessive use of irrigation in the head reach resulted
water-logging in some pockets of the village farms. Drainage
system in the villages was found to be worst. This resulted in
some scattered spots of waterlogged area, which became the
breeding ground of mosquitoes spreading malaria in entire
command. Many farmers in the survey area started applying
granular insecticides in rice crops for the control of some
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National Conference on Recent Trends in Engineering & Technology
minor insect-pests and even for bacterial leaf blight diseases.
The insecticides are highly toxic which caused health hazards.
Due to pace of development as a consequence of water
resource project, infrastructure facility has changed
enormously. The area became flooded with mopeds, two
wheelers, trucks, tractors and pump sets etc, which in turn
causes air pollution & noise pollution.
IV.
Conclusion
As a whole, the analysis of data revealed that the economic
factors influence the productivity of the farms which
registered an impressive growth due to provision of assumed
The Term Paper on Rural Development Areas Conflict Government
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irrigation facility. Quality of life of the farmer has improved.
Marginal and small farmers adopted mixed farming to
supplement their income. Agricultural development could
however generate some environmental side effects but its
impact is low because of the miniature size of the project. To
set aside the effect of environmental hazards, several new bioinsecticides like nimin and nimazol, etc. have come up and are
being used. Bel leaf extracts have also been used for blast
disease of rice. Percentage of pollution is far less in
comparison to the improvement in living standard due to
construction of minor irrigation project. Hence, minor
irrigation projects are more suitable not only for higher socioeconomic growth but also for their low environmental impact.
Also, further suggestions given by the authors, namely,
Chintan Gajjar and Jignesh Joshi, is to use conjunctive use of
surface and groundwater of that particular region as well as
there is an immense need of sustainable water use
management, as water is and will be the precious element of
everyone’s life.
V.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Authors are greatly acknowledged and wish their heartily
thanks to the honorable and enormous researchers, namely, N.
Sahoo and D. Paramjita, for the allowance of studying their
research work and let us understand the problems of rural
India. Their work and research papers provided fruitful
guidance, without which we could not able to understand this
research work in any better way. Authors extend their words
of gratitude to their post graduation guide Asso. Prof. V.M.
Patel (WRM Department of Civil Engg. Dept., S.S.
Engineering College, Bhavnagar) and Hon. Head of
Department & Asso. Prof. H.M. Gandhi, for providing
fundamental knowledge. Authors also vote their thanks to all
the contributors, researchers, institutes & organizational
bodies for their valuable and fruitful contributions
References
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
Patil, R.G., Suryawansi, S.D. and Kapase. P.M., An investigation into
the Socio-economic conditions in Ghod Irrigation project area March1980 (Maharashtra)
Anonymous, Anti-waterlogging project, Department of Irrigation.
Raghuvansi, C.S. and Chakraborty, N.C., (1984), A study of socioeconomic and environmental aspects of Salawa command in the
proceeding of National Seminar on Water Resources Management for
Rural Development, Oct. 18–19 (1984) pp-T7/1-18.
Sahoo, N., Multi Objective Approach to Integrated Development
Planning for the Command Area of a Minor Irrigation Project –
Unpublished Ph. D Thesis of Agril. Engg. Dept., Kharagpur.
13-14 May 2011
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