Among health care professionals, medical doctors, nurses, cleaners, and medical and nursing students are those mostly in risk for an occupational exposure to pathogens (Hsieh et al. 2006, Smith et al. 2006, Vaz et al. 2010), with nurses being at the top of the exposed groups (Perry et al. 2009).
Although there is no clear reason for this, it can be attributed to the fact that nurses are, among other health care professionals, the group with the closest and most frequent contact with patients for providing nursing care (Maltezou et al.
2008).
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) refers to wearable equipment that is intended to protect HCP from exposure to or contact with infectious agents. The selection of PPE is based on the nature of the patient interaction and potential for exposure to blood, body fluids or infectious agents.
Examples of appropriate use of PPE for adherence to Standard Precautions include: use of gloves in situations involving possible contact with blood or body fluids, mucous membranes, non-intact skin or potentially infectious material; use of a gown to protect skin and clothing during procedures or activities where contact with blood or body fluids is anticipated; use of mouth, nose and eye protection during procedures that are likely to generate splashes or sprays of blood or other body fluids.
Standard precautions ensure a high level of protection against transmission of blood-borne viruses in the health care setting and the universal application reduces the potential for stigma and discrimination. Standard precautions are the minimum level of infection control required in the treatment and care of all patients to prevent transmission of blood-borne infections including HIV, HBV and HCV.
The Essay on Heart Attack Blood Disease Body
Cardiovascular Diseases Cardiovascular disease isn't an actual disease in itself. Rather it references a range of disorders affecting not only the heart but the blood as well. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) principally heart disease and stroke is the nation's leading killer. Almost 1 million Americans die of CVD each year which adds up to 42% of all deaths. The death toll alone is a staggering ...
Pratt et al (2007) asserted, glove use should be based on an assessment of the risk of transmission of micro-organisms to the patient, and the risk of contamination of the healthcare worker (HCW) by the patient’s blood, body fluids, secretions and excretions. Gloves will be applied in bleeding control with minimal or spurting blood, emergency childbirth, blood drawing, starting an IV line, endotracheal intubation, oral/nasal suction and manually cleaning the airway, handling and cleaning instruments, vaginal examination, handling laboratory specimen, and all surgical procedures including oral surgery (Lin Naing et.
al. 2001) . Studies found that compliance for both UP and glove utilization was poor and researcher expressed great concern on improvement of the compliance with these precautions (Lin Naing et. al. 2001).
Stein et al (2003), Flores and Pevalin (2006a) described, some studies have shown that staff have negative attitudes towards the effect of glove use on manual dexterity. Ben-David and Gaitini (1996) found that wearing gloves during certain procedures, such as giving intramuscular injections and vena-puncture, can cause loss of tactile sensation.
I proposed this study to obtain a clear consensus and study the factors related to non-compliance of glove utilization during intravenous insertion and drawing blood among qualified nurses. METHODOLOGY According to Parahoo (2006), the design selected for research should be the most suited so as to achieve an answer to the proposed research questions. Burns and Grove (2003:27) posit quantitative research is “a formal, objective, rigorous, systematic process for generating information about the world.
It is conducted to describe new situations, events, or concepts in the world, such as describing cloning, and its potential influence on health care; to examine relationships among concepts or ideas, such as the relationship between red wine and cholesterol level; and to determine the effectiveness of treatments such as herbal medicines on the health of patients and families”. For the purpose of the proposed research question the researcher has chosen to carry out a quantitative research design to identify factors related to non-compliance of glove utilization during intravenous insertion and drawing blood among qualified nurses.
The Essay on Improving Test Scores Questions Don Study
Improving Test Scores A large percentage of high school students end up NOT graduating because of low test scores. Various methods are used to aid the test-taking process but very few of them have ever actually been proven to work. There are 3 main things that you can do to improve test scores in school, study harder, take notes, and ask questions if you don't understand. Studying hard is an ...
METHODS There are several types of quantitative studies that can be structured under the headings of true experimental, quasi-experimental and non-experimental designs (Robson, 2002).
However, Robson (2002) states these designs are similar in many respects as most are concerned with patterns of group behavior, averages, tendencies and properties. Michael Coughlan et. al (2007) explained in a quantitative study any number of strategies can be adopted when collecting data and these can include interviews, questionnaires, attitude scales or observational tools.
Questionnaires are the most commonly used data gathering instruments and consist mainly of closed questions with a choice of fixed answers. Questionnaires can also be administered in face-to-face interviews or in some instances over the telephone (Polit and Beck, 2006).
Strati? ed random proportion sampling will adopt in this survey by use of self-report questionnaires with proportional allocation by departments. A set of structured self-administered questionnaire will distribute.
It is design to reveal the knowledge, misperceptions and compliance in various procedures and problems in gloves utilization during intravenous insertion and drawing blood. These consist of four parts as following: (1) standard questions to gather participant information, (2) questions pertaining to standard precautions knowledge, (3) questions on compliance with standard precautions, and (4) a general self-efficacy scale. Standard precautions knowledge questions will develop.
They refer to the basic concepts, content, and activity requirements of the standard precautions, covering 20 items, with possible responses of ‘yes’, ‘no’, or ‘unknown’. ‘Yes’ is given a value of 1 point, and ‘no’ or ‘unknown’ 0 points; the maximum possible score is 20. The higher the score, the greater the knowledge about standard precautions the participant has (Yang Lou et. al. 2010).
The Research paper on Changing a Qualitative Research Into a Quantitative Study
Fry and her colleagues undertook a qualitative research to develop a moral distress model in military nursing. Using the same problem statement, literature analysis and background information, this paper aims at converting the qualitative study carried out by Fry and her colleagues into a quantitative study. The study entails setting different research questions and collecting data that aims at ...
The general self-efficacy scale (GSES) was that originally devised by German psychologist Schwarzer and colleagues in 1981(Schwarzer, 1997).
It has been demonstrated to give a good representation of self-efficacy in a variety of settings (Schwarzer R. 1997, Yang TZ, 2004).
This method also will be implementing in this study. The scale is a single- dimension scale, with 10 questions. Each question is assigned points from 1 to 4, and the ? nal score is the average score of the 10 questions. Closed-ended questions are formulated so that the responses are specific to the research objectives as well as open-ended questions will formulate too. The language of communication is English and the same tool is used for all the subjects.
SAMPLING Quantitative research normally strives to ensure a sample has a ‘normal’ distribution. A probability sampling method is any method of sampling that uses some form of random selection. Sampling refers to the taking of a representative portion of the population or universe as representative of that population or universe (Strydom, Fouche and Delport, 2002:198).
A sample comprises the elements of the population considered for actual inclusion in the study or it can be viewed as a subset of measurement from a population in which the researcher is interested (Strydom et al ,2002:199).
The study will used probability sampling to select the sample. Probability sampling technique is use that ensures every member or element of the population has an equal chance of being selected into the study, prevents subjectivity, bias, and allows the results to be generalized to the target population. When probability sampling is applied, each and every person, who is part of a population, has an equal chance of being included in the sample that will be participating in the study. Simple random sampling will used to select the participating respondents.
This study will conduct in tertiary hospital in Klang with 60 beds and various specialities and subspecialities. Target population comprised all registered nurse (RN) currently involved in collecting blood samples and intravenous insertion in all wards of the hospital. VALIDITY Validity represents how well a research tool measures what it is supposed to measure and it is considered as being more important because the objectives of the study must be representative of what the researcher is investigating (Welman et al. 2005:142).
The Research paper on Somatoform Disorder Study Research Alexithymia
Review of APA Statistical Guidelines: 'Predictive Value of Alexithymia: A Prospective Study in Somatizing Patients' The August 1999 article in the American Psychologist discusses proper statistical methods and how they should be utilized in journal articles. Using some of the guidelines put forth in the article, I will attempt to show the extent to which Bach & Bach (1995) follow these ...
The questionnaire will be evaluated for construct validity by Infection Control Chairman of the hospital. The data collection instrument will assess by the research supervisor for content validity and tested against the research objectives. The questionnaire was developed by the researcher from her own work experience, literature review and consultation with Infection Control committee. To ensure criterion-related validity, the questionnaire was compared with other valid instruments and found to be congruent with them (Welman et al.
2005:161).
ETHICS Ethics is rooted in the ancient Greek philosophical inquiry of moral life. It refers to a system of principles which can critically change previous considerations about choices and actions (Johnstone, 2009).
However, when nurses participate in research they have to cope with three value systems; society; nursing and science. The societal values about human rights, the nursing culture based on the ethic of caring and the researcher’s values about scientific inquiry.
According to Clarke (1991) these values may conflict with the values of subjects, communities, and societies and create tensions and dilemmas in nursing. The researcher must inform the subjects about the methods which will be used to protect anonymity and confidentiality and indicate a person with whom they can discuss the study. He must also provide a “Noncoersive Disclaimer” which states that participation is voluntary and no penalties are involved in refusal to participate (Davies, 1983).
Wood and Kerr (2011, p228) agreed, ethics outline is a set of principle to figure out which actions are right or wrong.
Beauchamp and Childress (2001) identify four fundamental moral principles: autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence and justice. Autonomy infers that an individual has the right to freely decide to participate in a research study without fear of coercion and with a full knowledge of what is being investigated. Non-maleficence implies an intention of not harming and preventing harm occurring to participants both of a physical and psychological nature (Parahoo, 2006).
The Essay on Research Process and Secondary Data
Data previously collected and assembled for some project other than the one at hand {text:list-item} {text:list-item} Can almost always be gathered more quickly and inexpensively than primary data But may be outdated or may not exactly meet the researchers needs Secondary data, or historical data, are data previously collected and assembled for some project other than the one at hand. Secondary ...
Beneficence is interpreted as the research benefiting the participant and society as a whole (Beauchamp & Childress, 2001).
Justice is concerned with all participants being treated as equals and no one group of individuals receiving preferential treatment because, for example, of their position in society (Parahoo, 2006).
Beauchamp and Childress (2001) also identify four moral rules that are both closely connected to each other and with the principle of autonomy. They are veracity (truthfulness), fidelity (loyalty and trust), confidentiality and privacy. The latter pair is often linked and implies that the researcher has a duty to respect the confidentiality anything violates human rights and causes harm to the participants will become an ethical issue.
Wood and Kerr (2011, p 230) stressed out, the protection of the participants is the obligation of the nursing researcher. Ethical clearance and permission will be obtained and/or the anonymity of participants and non-participating subjects. In addition, ethical approval will be obtained from the Hospital which is from Nursing department and Medical Director to conduct the study. The research participants will informed about the nature of the study to be conducted and given the choice of either participating or not participating.
They will be also informed that they will not be punished or victimised for refusing to participate in the study. The purpose and objectives of the study will explained to them and they were informed that they had the right to withdraw at any time if they wished to do so. The participants will inform verbally that participation is voluntary. All the respondents who agreed to participate in the study signed a consent form. Confidentiality means that no information provided by a person should be divulged or made available to other people (De Vos, Strydom, Fouche & Delport, 2006:61).
The Research paper on Research Critique Of Study On Newborn Temperature Regulation
Abstract The authors (Chiu, Anderson, & Burkhammer, 2005) of the article present all the essential components of the research study. There will be a decrease in temperature in the newborn if having difficulties breastfeeding while having skin-to-skin contact with the mother. That was the inferred hypothesis. The method used to gather the information was a pretest-test-post test study design ...
Neuman (2000:506) refers to confidentiality as the ethical protection of the subject by holding research data in confidence or keeping them secret from the public. In this research project, the participants had the right to remain anonymous. Confidentiality and anonymity will ensured by not using the names or clock numbers of employees. The researcher will ensured that all the completed questionnaires will kept in a locked cabinet, in a safe place to which only the researcher has access .
In this study, the questionnaires will hand out by researcher at each site and collect on the spot once they complete individually and anonymously by the nurses. To answer the questionnaire will conduct in the consultant’s room or administrator’s office, whichever is vacant and provide by the clinical staff. The research report will presented in a way that nobody will be aware of responses to the questions of a particular participant (Leedy & Ormrod, 2005:103).
DATA ANALYSIS According Michael et. al (2007), data analysis in quantitative research studies is often seen as a daunting process.
Much of this is associated with apparently complex language and the notion of statistical tests. Data analysis involves the breaking down of data into representative constituents in order to find answers to the research questions (Strydom et al. , 2002:121).
Mean median and standard deviation will calculate for numerical data such as age and work experience as a staff nurse. Relationship between personal variables versus knowledge of standard precaution principle and glove utilization compliance and the knowledge versus the compliance will analyzed by chi-squared test for independence.
Afterwards, the data will analyses using the SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) Version 17. 0 computer software. Descriptive statistics such as percentages means and standard deviations will computed for the demographic data and percentages for the rest of the questions. By using computer technology; it has a capacity for recording, sorting, matching and linking and will assist the researcher in answering their research question. The results will report in the form of frequency tables and graphs.
Tables, charts and graphs will be used to summarize the results and should be accurate, clearly identified and enhance the presentation of results (Russell, 2005).
POTENTIAL OUTCOMES This research will be an important step towards understanding the failure amongst qualified nurses in complying with Standard Precautions (Glove) in order to avoid exposures to pathogens during intravenous insertion and drawing blood among Qualified Nurses in General Ward.
From this study result it can be to improve the compliance of nurses with standard precautions, in order to avoid occupational exposure to pathogens. To change the negative influence of behaviour of use of gloves decrease dexterity when drawing blood, they should have in mind that is leaves them without protection against pathogens; therefore the use of protective equipment should always be implement. Attitudes to glove use could be improved by interventions that emphasise the advantages of wearing gloves and counteract the perceived disadvantages, such as effect on dexterity (Godin et al, 1998).
Gloves are worn to protect the hands from contamination with organic matter and micro organisms, and to reduce the risks of transmission of micro-organisms to patients and staff (Pratt et. aI. 2007).
A key recommendation is that gloves should be worn only once, for one aspect of care and one patient (Pratt et. aI. 2007).
Thus, if gloves are not removed and hands decontaminated after use, the risks of cross-infection are increased (Flores & Pevalin, 2006a).
Interventions to improve the use of gloves in the healthcare environment should be included in staff education and training on glove use, organization the risks associated with specific clinical procedures and the importance of upholding the principles of standard precautions. Clinical staff should actively embrace the infection control culture and learn by being part of the process (Handwashing Liaison Group, 1999).
Change can only be achieved through a multifaceted approach, which targets the healthcare worker and organizational factors related to behavioural change in health care settings (Kretzer and Larson, 1998).
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