We obviously knew why should it be a non destructive test, because we aren’t allowed to destruct the entire structure in the name of testing. Roadware 10 Minute Concrete Mender™ “Roadware needle tip crack injection costs less to install and is more effective than pressure applied epoxy injection methods. ” according to top concrete repair contractors. “We can get in, permanently repair the cracks, and get out in the same time it use to take just to install the old injection ports. ” Evaluation and Repair of Fire-Damaged Buildings • Typically, repair materials are similar to the original construction materials. Timber structures may be repaired with new timbers or composites of steel and timber members, and steel structures are normally repaired with steel. • Concrete and masonry structural elements are frequently repaired with fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) or externally bonded steel members using epoxy adhesive. Concrete structures are occasionally repaired with shotcrete as well. • Selecting the appropriate repair material is a critical step in the repair process. The repair material must be compatible with the base material, project needs, technical resources available, financial constraints, and multiple other project specific criteria.
Two case studies are presented to illustrate various types of structural damage and repairs. • The first summarizes the assessment and repair for arson damage to a reinforced concrete stadium structure. • The second addresses the evaluation and repair of damage to a steel framed office building. Slab separation and joist spalling Case Study 1: Stadium Fire An arson fire occurred on an elevated level of a reinforced concrete stadium structure. After the fire department approved the area for entry, initial observations were made.
The Essay on MidContinent Earthquakes and Their Effect on Concrete Structures
... and cause mass amounts of structural damage and total destruction of many structures. Concrete being a very brittle material is affected greatly during an ... uses steel fibrous concrete". Concrete Construction. July 1980 Reducing Earthquake Losses. Office of Technology Assessment; U.S. Congress Washington D.C. 1995 Roberts. "Seismic Retrofit". Concrete Repair ...
The fire severely damaged the concrete in an area approximately 25 feet by 25 feet above the fire; the concrete joists were deeply spalled, the slab separated from the joists, and severe cracking was present The fire was intense to the extent that the seating area directly above the fire suffered heat damage Case Study 2: Occupied Steel High Rise Fire Fire occurred in an occupied space of a steel framed high rise. The steel framing was protected by a sprayed fire resistive material. The exposed metal deck supports a composite concrete floor system.. Heat from the fire caused some buckling of the metal decks near the fire
Buckled metal deck. Note separation of concrete from metal deck through exploratory opening The evaluation effort included steel hardness readings of the structural steel framing members. In addition, concrete cores were extracted from the floor slab where the fire occurred and in the deck directly above the fire for compression testing. No testing was considered necessary in the adjacent room with deformed plastic due to the low temperature indication. Test results confirmed that steel hardness was in the expected range to indicate minimal heat damage to the steel frame.
Concrete cores indicated that compressive strengths exceeded design requirements The assessment concluded that the steel frame did not require repairs. However, to prevent displacements of the separated concrete slab above the metal deck, structural repairs were required . The repairs included adding new beams to support the metal deck and the addition of grout to fill the voids between the concrete and metal deck FINALLY • All structures should be evaluated in a systematic manner to determine the extent, if any, of required repairs. A variety of testing methods and tools are available to evaluate the effects on both the materials and structural elements. • Evaluations, combined with an engineering analysis, allow effective and economical repair details to be developed and installed as needed.
The Essay on Iron Steel And Metal Finishing Operations Summary
Iron, Steel and Metal Finishing Operations Summary By: Kevin Worley Southwestern Oklahoma State University Production, forming, and cleaning of steel products creates several waste-outputs. These outputs range from the benign to RCRA regulated hazardous waste. Listed below are the steps associated with a metal product from ore to finished product, detailing the various wastes. Production of Coke ...
