Ethnography is a research design to search the culture phenomena. Gerhard Muller has developed idea of ethnography as separate discipline. Ethnography is the way to represent the group culture graphically. Ethnography is branch of ‘Anthropology’ which deals with the individual human society. Ethnography has double meanings which depend on whether it is used uncountable or countable. It is study and a systematic way to record cultures of humans. It describes cultures and people with their habits, mutual differences and customs. This field reflects knowledge and system in lives of culture group.
Ethnography is considered as empirical data on cultures and human society and is pioneered in social, culture and biological branches in anthropology. It has become very popular in social science; history, communication study where people usually study formations, resettlements, compositions, characteristics of social welfare, spiritually, materiality and communication study. Ethnography is about holistic study and it also includes complete history. It also shows terrain analysis, habitat and climate. Ethnography is reflexive which makes a substantial contribution to understand the human social life.
It also observes world as a subject and records all behavior. It describes all symbol meanings by using the concepts which avoid informal explanations. (Yagi, and Kleinberg, 2011) Ethnography research: The study has done on a group who was doing research on Black Barry. The group has five members and all members have different behavior in the group. ethnography research depends on different techniques as video diaries, contextual interview, photographs, and artifacts analysis like tools and devices which is used as a part of person’s job.
The Term Paper on Focus Group Research- Reliability, Validity, Replicability, Generalisability
A focus group can be defined as a group interview- centered on a specific topic and facilitated and co-ordinated by a moderator or facilitator- which seeks to generate primarily qualitative data, by capitalizing on the interaction that occurs within the group setting. The idea behind the focus group method is that group processes can help people to explore and clarify their views in ways that be ...
In this study contextual interviews and artifacts analysis have been done. Observations are made on work, at home and in a leisure environment. The study is completed on own, with friends and work colleagues. One of the participants has been recruited and can study group. Collection of data ranged from four to five hours interview. Research on the group provided an extremely a deep analysis of real life behavior. Research has provided a deep analysis about the behaviors. It can also used to recognize currently or new unmet needs of user. This approach is very valuable at in beginning of some project.
Cunliffe and Karunanayake, 2013) Data collection methods: Data collection methods are used to capture the ‘ordinary activity and social meanings’ of people in nature. During the observations everyone is accessed and behaviors of members have been analyzed. The main goal is to gather data in such way so that so that researchers impose a minimum amount of their bias in data. There are many methods for collection of data which is used to facilitate relation. It allows an in depth and more personal portrait of informants. In research observation of participants, interview, survey and field notes.
In this study observations of participants and interviews have been conducted so that behaviors of people can be noted. In this research one participate is selected and it is very important to select proper participant. Implications of this research could be explained to the potential participants. Researchers have done research on Black Barry and it is observed that every member has different behavior in group. It is very necessary to define the timescale so that needs of the study should be fulfilled. There should be a well defined time so that results of study can provide a depth analysis.
The Research paper on Research Study on Gender Bias in Education
These instructions were used as a form of deception to prove my hypothesis. My hypothesis was that women would be more affected by this deception than would the men. My results proved otherwise. Results showed there was little difference in the way the women and men performed on these tests on either version. The ANOVA testing showed these clear results. Does Performance Reflect Success? Gender ...
The time to observe this research is three to four days in a day. Analysis of document and secondary research are employed to give an in depth analysis about research. When participant is observing members then every behavior is being recorded. In order to make data interpretation and collection transparent, researchers have to create ethnographies. It also relates people and parameters of culture. After knowing the behavior of member participant noted all the information (Cooper, Victoria and Ellis, 2011) Observation as method to collect data:
Every member has been observed properly and it is noted that some members have different kind of behavior. All members in the group came from different backgrounds so every member has different kind of culture. In the group there are some members who perform very well while others could not perform as much as others were doing. Throughout the research study behaviors of members have been observed. There was also conflict between members of group on different things and it is observed that some member could not bear that their group faces any kind of failure.
Observation method is very significantly for researchers in many ways. It provides researcher with different ways to check out the non-verbal expressions of feeling to determine who interacting with whom is. In this study participants observed both verbal and nonverbal expressions. While observing members participants noted that non-verbal expression are very different of all the participants. Some members show non-verbal expression very often when they feel that something has happened very strange. There are also conflicts between members on difference of opinion.
Every member has different opinion on something and it is also observed that members usually discuss on all the options they have with them. It is also used to check how much time has been used in different activities. Observations of participant allow researchers to check out terms which different participants used in the interviews. In this research observation method has been used because it is a very significant way to collect the information. Observation increases the validity of study and also it helps the researcher to understand phenomenon and context under the study.
The Essay on Participant Observation
The two research methods in sociology are Quantitative and Qualitative. Quantitative research is typically about numbers and graphs. The purpose is to predict and classify results and create graphs and models to explain the results. The researcher is detached from the subject matter and knows exactly what they are looking for. This type of research method can begin with a thesis and is best ...
Yagi, and Kleinberg, 2011) Participant observation is the beginning step in the ethnographic study. There are numbers of reasons for using participants’ observation in a research so in this study focus is more on participant’s observation because it is easier way to gather observations. Participants’ observation is use to guide and identify relations with the informants. It is also use to help researchers to manage thing in a more efficient and effective way. It also relates people and parameters of culture.
Participants’ observation is use to show researcher that members are very important in leadership, social interaction, taboos, politics and manners. It helps researcher in identifying cultural members and also process of research. Participants’ observation provides researcher with source of questions so that they could address the participants. Discussion about ethnography research: After conducting all the research it is concluded that members in the group have different behavior due to the difference in culture and also personality includes in different of behavior.
The main concept is to understand business and customers. In this study researchers have conducted research on Black Barry ad its reasons of decline. Researcher conducted interviews, questionnaire and focus group so that they can know reasons of failure of black Barry. Ethnography research is about qualitative project which has aim to provide in depth analysis of everyday practice and life. Behavior of every member is observed and it is noted that behavior of members have direct impact on group. It is attributed to anthropologist Geertz who wrote idea of interpretive culture theory.
The term ‘qualitative’ distinguishes social sciences research from other quantitative research. These two qualitative and quantitative researchers have different aim. Social ethnography research is quite different from culture ethnography research. Ethnography is impulsive which makes a substantial contribution to understand the human social life. Ethnography research generates understandings and knowledge of the culture. The understanding of ethnographic is usually developed by exploration of many data sources which is a foundation of data sources.
The Term Paper on Participant Observation Advantages and Disadvantages
All methods involve observation, but participant observation is characterized by the extent to which its advocates insist on observation and interpretation of a situation, informed by an understanding of the situation from the point of view of the participants rather than the observer. An attempt is made to avoid imposing categories from outside. Participant observation is the method of ...
There are two examples of ethnographic design approaches; self observation and shadowing. Self observation or diaries is the method which is used when it is impossible or difficult to access a sure place. It is also used when the research is time consuming. Self observation or diaries consists of asking people to provide self observation which is related to activities in from of long reports. This method includes participant objectivity in collection of data. It could be valuable to get a sight of life through people eyes.
Shadowing is another ethnographic design approach which is used to understand the interaction of people with the process, product or services and its shifting context. It usually focuses on particular task or event. (Yagi, and Kleinberg, 2011) Engagement in field place or setting where ethnography takes place is called the participant. This is one of primary source of the ethnographic. Mostly researcher plays a double role of both participant as well as observer but it is recommended that researcher plays only one role so that he could perform better.
Usually ethnographers spend more time in places so that they could conduct research with different people. It helps researcher in identifying cultural members and also process of research. Participants’ observation provides researcher with source of questions so that they could address the participants. Due to the historically disciplinary and development biases, researchers conduct their researches outside the country so that they could generate better result. Interview provides detail information about data collection by asking open ended questions. (Cooper, Victoria and Ellis, 2011)
