Effective counselling and therapy often relies on stages of development, accordingly developmental theories are used as tools to identify a crisis and assist counsellors to provide an appropriate counselling framework that presents the best interventions and resources to ensure the client’s well-being.
Erik Erickson’s psychosocial stages of development extend from birth to death addressing various conflicts at each developmental stage of life to indicate either favourable or unfavourable outcomes. Erikson placed emphasis on the external world as the influence of culture on behaviour is determined by the interaction of genetic biological programming, psychological development and ethos (Arlene F. Harder, 2009).
Trajectory of life span development varies from individual to individual according to cultural experiences and ethnic identifications. In this sense the use of Erickson’s psychosocial stages of development become useful in identifying conflicts within an individual for assessment, therapy and counsel (Erickson, 1993).
The selected case study outlines a migrant family who are in the process of acculturation which may become stressful and disrupt an individual’s socioeconomic status, familial and social networks, cultural behaviour, expectations, and values (Snowman & Biehler, 2003).
The counsellor involved must identify which psychosocial stage of development is best suited to each individual in order to provide effective counselling service.
The Research paper on Life Factors That Influence The Development Of Individuals
These are all life factors that could possibly affect an adolescence at any given time and how they affect their physical, emotionally, social and intellectual development. Genetic: Iron deficiency Anaemia Anaemia is the reduction of either red blood cells because you don’t have enough iron in your body to produce the red blood cells. If you have fewer blood cells in your body then your organs and ...
The psychosocial stage of development for Abdi, a ten year old male, may be Industry versus Inferiority which usually affects those aged between six and eleven, categorised within the education system as Elementary to Middle School (Erickson, 1993).
Abdi attends the local school and has been streamlined into normal classes despite his mild intellectual disability. This illuminates the crisis of Industry versus Inferiority, as Industry refers to purposeful or meaningful activity in the development of competency and skill, and is deemed as a crucial aspect of schooling (Snowman & Biehler, 2003).
Erikson described this stage as an entrance to life (Snowman & Biehler, 2003), where a child entering school is at a point in development when behaviour is dominated by intellectual curiosity and performance. If Abdi is encouraged to complete tasks, helped to persevere and regularly praised for his attempts at school then the outcome at this stage of development should encompass a sense of competency in intellectual, social, and physical skills which will result in the ability to relate to the world of skills and tools in order to make things and make them well (Erickson, 1993).
However if Abdi experiences failure at school tasks and is denied the opportunity to discover and develop his capabilities and strengths, a sense of inadequacy and inferiority will consequently develop and affect his life at a later stage (Snowman & Biehler, 2003).
The psychosocial stage of development for Alara, a twelve year old female; and Gizem, a fourteen year old female, may be Identity versus Confusion, categorised within the education system as Middle School to High School (Erickson, 1993).
The favourable outcome at this stage of development is the ability to see oneself as a unique and integrated person in society through the attainment of identity (Snowman & Biehler, 2003).
Role confusion becomes the crisis at this stage of development as Alara and Gizem may not have clear conceptions of the role of a female in society. Turkish culture and tradition have formed the foundation of their behaviour prior to migration and the influence to their identity may become compromised by the process of acculturation and appropriate behaviours as reflected by the reactions of others in society (Snowman & Biehler, 2003).
The Essay on Is School Bad For Children?
Education has always been an intense topic of discussion among many cultures and different groups of people. For many years it was believed that without formal structured education, academic success couldn’t be achieved. Today that idea has been challenged and proved invalid by homeschooling, online classes and alternative learning of all sorts. In the article,”School is Bad for Children,” ...
The psychosocial stage of development for Huda and Zeal is pertinent to Generativity versus Stagnation which refers to adulthood and parenting (Erickson, 1993).
This stage refers to the productive and creative efforts in which adults take part that have a positive effect on younger generations. Having recently emigrated from Turkey, Huda and Zeal have the task of guiding their children, teaching them aspects of Australian culture in conjunction with the traditions from their Turkish origin. Caring for children is the common Generativity crisis, and success at this stage depends on the nature of a parent’s ability to contribute towards the life of the next generation.
Those unwilling to establish and guide the next generation become victims of stagnation and self absorption which can also extend to other productive activities such as work and tertiary studies (Snowman & Biehler, 2003).
Stagnation is an extension of intimacy which turns inward in the form of self-interest and self-absorption, representing feelings of selfishness, self-indulgence, greed, and a lack of interest in young people, future generations, and the wider world. Stagnation and self-absorption result from not having an outlet or opportunity for contributing to the good or growth of children and others.
Therefore in order for Huda and Zeal to achieve a positive outcome from this crisis stage, positive and unconditional contributions towards the development of their children need to be established and maintained (Snowman & Biehler, 2003).
The function of incorporating an ethical code into the practice of counselling is to safeguard the welfare of the client and to define standards of practice whereby members are held accountable for their actions (Hackney & Cormier, 2009).
The code of ethics of the Australian Counselling Association encourages practitioners who counsel clients of differing cultures to respect these differences, gain knowledge, personal awareness and sensitivity towards the client and incorporate culturally relevant practices into their work (Australian Counselling Association, 2010).
The Report on Importance of Adapting Corporate Culture and Ethic in Indonesia for the Multinational Companies
Fade Achnaf (25364561) Assignment 1 International marketing Importance of Adapting Corporate Culture and Ethic in Indonesia for The Multinational Companies Culture is a subjective matters because it is unique for every person, Fatehi (2008) state that culture are people’s system of knowledge and standard of perceive , behave and act. Culture keep evolving and getting bigger from time to time. ...
It is integral that counsellors are aware of possible differing values and beliefs according to a client’s culture. Such information can be ascertained through questioning to find out what the cultural differences are and how they impact on the client’s wellbeing. The counsellor also needs to remain objective and refrain from imparting their own values and beliefs onto the client as well as avoiding social and cultural stereotypes. Counsellors should investigate and learn about the client’s culture to develop an understanding and empathy to then provide relevant guidance for the crisis experienced. (Australian Institute of Professional Counsellors, 2010).
With reference to the case study, the clients may have communication barriers as they have only recently emigrated from Turkey. The clients Abdi, Alara, and Gizem, may present cultural diversity issues such as discrimination; as students in a local school they may experience forms of racism within the school environment thus leading to problems establishing relationships with their teachers, peers and consequently the broader community (Macarthur Diversity Services Initiative, 2010).
The students are living between two cultures, at home they may experience the Turkish culture from their upbringing, family values, and lifestyle which contrasts with Australian culture that may be experienced at school and in the social landscape of general living. Abdi, Alara and Gizem may experience difficulties with oscillating between two differing cultures and adjusting to new learning practices found in government education systems, which may result in disengagement and consequently become at risk (Macarthur Diversity Services Initiative, 2010).
Huda and Zeal would also be dealing with cultural diversity issues such as integration, adult education, housing, employment, language and socialisation. The impact of these issues would lead to difficulty in settlement and development (Macarthur Diversity Services Initiative, 2010).
The Term Paper on Talking Your Culture: Diversity In Language And Culture
Every society has their own unique culture in which the lives of the people are patterned. Culture is responsible for shaping the identity of a society and the individuals who live in that society. People conform to distinguishable culture of their respective society by adhering to the norms, traditions, beliefs, and values that characterize a culture. Culture shapes people’s behavior and ...
The family may also face subcultures that are foreign to their native country, such as pop culture and trends that can determine acceptance in a social group and social dynamic found in the work force or parent engagement at school. This can result in additional pressures to settling into a new country and integrating into a community with a level of ease and security (Macarthur Diversity Services Initiative, 2010).
The code of ethics related to this case study would ensure that the counsellor examine their own beliefs and cultural values and to view the client firstly as an individual and then as a member of a group. The counsellor should also be aware of how their personal morals and values influence work ethic and resolutions as commitment to the client’s well being should be the main initiative (Australian Counselling Association, 2010).
The use of professional ethics in counselling would entail informed consent (Pope, 1995-2004) which may be regarded as an opportunity for building the foundation of a collaborative and effective counselling relationship which can define the relationship between counsellor and client as well as promote the idea of the client being informed partners in the counselling process (Pope, 1995-2004).
Confidentiality is another ethical consideration whereby the code becomes the foundation of trust on which the counselling relationship is built. However, issues may arise when the law collides with ethics and societal interest supersedes the confidentiality agreement between counsellor and client (Psychotherapy and Counselling Federation of Australia, 2001).
Thus mandatory reporting, of issues such as child abuse, becomes indispensable to a code of professional ethics in the practice of counselling (Pope, 1995-2004).
Legislative responsibilities including record keeping and managed care are also essential to the ethical practice of counselling. Although, for as many legislative requirements that are implemented, there are challenges that parallel their value. For example, confidentiality concerns may arise if the ethical challenge involves diagnosis dependency (Hackney & Cormier, 2009).
Within a counselling framework, a variety of cultural and lifespan and developmental tasks need to be taken into consideration in order to build the counselling relationship, understanding of the crisis experienced by the client and provide a counselling service which is effective and appropriate for the client’s needs.
The Research paper on Client Relationship Management At Minitrex
Introduction: Client Relationship Management is a system to make solid relationship with the customer and to know more about the customer needs. Stronger relationship with the customers will help in the change of the business. CRM helps in understanding the needs of the customers by get-together the information about the customers and this serves to market and offer the association’s things. ...
The case study highlights the importance of being receptive towards all aspects of multiculturalism including religion, economic status, sexual identity, ethnicity, racial identity, family history, language, unique physical characteristics and location of residence. The clients within the case study were affected by issues such as resettlement, communication barriers and identity and may benefit from a range of resources such as a local migrant resource centre that can provide an interpreter.
To further ensure that best practise is being provided, legislative and ethical codes of conduct should be followed in order to maintain duty of care and protect the client’s best interest. The main focus of counselling is to help the client build meaningful relationships and to cultivate a positive mental well-being. Counsellors need to use culturally appropriate intervention strategies to engage client’s from multicultural backgrounds in order to achieve positive results in the counselling process. Having these structures and policies in place will provide a solid counselling framework and ensure a successful counselling relationship.
