Electronic Journal of Academic and Special Librarianship
v.10 no.3 (Winter 2009)
Women Librarians in Nigerian Universities: Their Status, Occupational Characteristics, and Development
Chinwe M.T. Nwezeh
Hezekiah Oluwasanmi Library, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Abstract
This paper investigates the current status and occupational characteristics of professional academic women librarians in Nigeria. This paper also discusses the concept of gender participation in librarianship and the effects on the profession with respect to females. General obstacles faced by females in librarianship are examined. The findings reveal that despite some cultural traits that still affect the woman’s position, women academic librarians in Nigeria can still advance to any height in the profession. This study shows that they do not experience any form of discrimination from their male counterparts in terms of remuneration or career development.
Introduction
Discrimination against women has been a long-standing issue with which society continues to grapple. As soon as you are born a woman, people start limiting your possibilities, regardless of what qualities you display (Abiola, 2004).
It is therefore not in dispute that from the beginning of civilization, women have suffered subjugation, degradation, oppression and all forms of inhuman treatment on account of their gender. This is especially so in Africa where gender roles are distinct. The women are occupied with domestic responsibilities, which typically involve household chores and caring for the home (Majanja and Kiplang’at, 2003).
The Term Paper on Many Women 1999 Men Gender
Contents. 1. Introduction. [page ii] (The new reality. ) 2. Unequal character of gender relationship through historical view. [page iii] (Real example. ) 3. Gender discrimination. Breakpoints. [page iv] (Definition. Basis and types of gender discrimination. Why it still exist? ) 4. Conclusion. [page vii] (Phobias. Thinking about Men & Gender Equality. ) 5. References and bibliography. [page ix ...
The status of women, including the different professions, has been a cause of serious concern in every culture and every climate through the years (Falaiye, 2004).
In the past, particularly in Africa, more emphasis was placed on educating the male child than the female child. Even when a female child grew up and wanted to take on a job, she was left with limited choices. Typical female jobs included petty trading, subsistence farming and causal labor. These were low paying and low status jobs.
The situation is a lot different now because of improved access to education by women which has broadened their horizons and given them many job options. In the past 20 years, in particular, there has been a shift away from looking at gender inequality as an issue that affects women only, occasioned by an understanding of the nature of power as gender and its implications for society as a whole (International Idea, 2000).
It is common therefore to find women all over the world in different professions and at different levels competing with their male counterparts. The Nigerian constitution, (1963) reviewed, (1999) upholds equal position and opportunities for men and women. By this, women acquire the same training alongside the opposite sex (male) thus acquiring the same experience which is the bed-rock of leadership qualities. Women form the backbone of library and information services (Barrington, 1993).
In some cases in Nigeria, a few women librarians have achieved the rewards associated with high status careers.
Objective of the Study
The objective of this study is to investigate the current status, occupational characteristics and career advancement opportunities of professional women librarians in Nigerian universities. This study was motivated by a similar study of Kenyan women librarians by Majanja and Kiplang’ (2003).
In that study, they found that the status of women librarians in Kenya has consistently been lower than that of men in terms of position and remuneration. It is hoped that this study would throw more light on the status of women librarians in Nigeria and add to the body of knowledge on women librarians in general.
The Essay on Woman And Political Status
Woman and Political status According to UN women executive Michelle Bachelet (2012), ‘’Democracy grows stronger with the full and equal participation of women”. Today, as women form half of the world population, their voices are still lacking in politics. According to UN women (2011), worldwide, less than one in five members of most parliaments is a woman. And women make up less than 10 percent ...
Literature Review
Gregory and Ramirez (2000) discuss the steady rise of salaries for librarians in the United States of America and observed that average beginning salaries for 1999 library and information graduates was a 6.5% increase over the1998 average. They however expressed surprise that the average salaries increased only 5.2% for women in 1999 while salaries of men leaped 12%. Jones and Goulding (1999) stated that the status and role of women had been an issue of controversy and interest in all occupations since the 1960s and the library profession was no exception. According to them, equality of opportunity involves ensuring that women have no doors closed to them that are open to men, but that despite over a quarter of a century of sex discrimination legislation in U.K. and actions by organizations to improve equal opportunities for women, women are still under represented at senior management level. McRae (1996) stated that the presence of women in senior management positions had increased, but women were still a small minority in the boardroom. Ogunrombi, Pisagih, and Udoh (2002) examined the contribution of female librarians to library development in Nigeria from 1960 to 2000. Their study revealed that only few female librarians were included and cited in Nigerian biographical works. Their study also showed that the status and role of women librarians in Nigeria was marked by an “explicit pattern of discrimination.”
Jones and Oppenheim (2002) carried out a study to determine if the UK library profession suffered from so called intra-occupational segregation, whereby men dominate the senior positions within the profession’s institutions. Particular attention was paid to the so called “glass ceiling” whereby women find a barrier to promotion when they reach their forties, even though up till then, they enjoyed a reasonably successful career. A “glass ceiling” is an unofficial barrier to an upper management or other prominent positions within a company or other organization which certain groups, particularly women, are perceived to be unable to cross due to discrimination (Wikipedia Free Encyclopedia, 2005).
It further states that the main barrier appeared to be due to domestic responsibilities. Jones and Goulding (1999) write that women form the backbone of library and information services. They numerically dominate the profession to the extent that 75% of librarians are women. However, only 9% of women, compared with 20% of men, earn over ₤27,000 (Poland, 1996).
The Term Paper on Men Are From Mars Women Are From Venus Gender Differences In Communication
Men are From Mars, Women are from venus, gender differences in communication "MEN ARE FROM MARS, WOMEN ARE FROM VENUS: GENDER DIFFERENCES IN COMMUNICATION" Men and women typically use different discourse strategies in communication, and, in general, women's linguistic behavior is disadvantageous compared to men's. This paper will attempt to demonstrate this fact, through the many stereotypes ...
Despite the image of librarianship as a female profession, women are not prominently represented at the higher levels of management. Explanations offered for this state of affairs are numerous and varied, such as inadequate child-care facilities, career interruptions, male work cultures and discriminatory attitudes in the workplace.
Librarianship as a Profession
Aguolu (1986) observed that the essential elements of a profession include the possession of a specialized body of knowledge and skills acquired during a prolonged period of education and training; existence of an effective professional association which defines admission into the profession and training requirements, licensing and other formal requirements and career lines within the profession with autonomy or discretion of numbers to take final decisions in their areas of competence; a code of ethics, regulation of relations of professionals with their clients and colleagues, service orientation and assurance of public or societal recognition. It was in the 19th century that librarians emerged as a professional group in USA. In 1876, the American Library Association (ALA) was formed followed by the formation of the Library Association of England in 1878 which was incorporated by Royal Charter in 1898.
The library profession in Nigeria can be traced back to the Nigerian pre-colonial era. In 1900, the Justice Ministry Library was established in Lagos out of the need for bibliographical control of growing colonial legal documents. The only library then was the European Community or Club Library whose membership was restricted to the Europeans except for non-Europeans who could afford a registration fee of one guinea per adult. This prohibitive cost led to consultations with the colonial government and Lagos Town Council about the possibility of setting up a new library for Lagos. In 1948, the British Council opened the Lagos Municipal Library (L.M.C.).
The Term Paper on Male Female And Religion
Male, Female, and Religion It is a perforated, light blue swatch of mesh that represents the obstructed view of the world for a nation of people who were once free. Embedded in this piece of the burqa is the story of the Afghan people-the story of the tears, suffering and suppression of millions of Afghan women, the denial of human and religious rights and the history of a conflict that brewed for ...
After three years of joint management, the British Council handed over the library to the Lagos Municipal Council in 1952.
John Harris (1970) states that between 1949 and 1950, the new profession of librarianship was born in Nigeria and its christening was in 1953. The UNESCO Seminar on Public Library Development in Africa was held at Ibadan, Nigeria in 1953. This seminar gave birth to the formation of the West African Library Association, comprising Anglophone countries of West Africa. With the attainment of independence by Ghana and Nigeria from Britain in 1957 and 1960 respectively, the Ghana Library Association and the Nigerian Library Association were formed respectively. The birth of these two National Associations led to the dissolution of the West African Library Association in 1961.
Gender Issue and Roles
The library profession in the United Kingdom and United States of America is regarded first and foremost, as a “lady” profession while in Nigeria the Librarian is mainly a “he” (Falaye, 2004).
In the United States of America, the ratio of men to women in the field of librarianship is about 4 to 1 (80% plus) (Idowu, 1998).
The profession of librarianship the world over is open to men and women irrespective of their gender. Women’s right to self-determination is rapidly becoming recognized as one of the keys to development. Raising the status of women is essential not only to decreasing population growth but to promoting a country’s economic and social progress. Gender roles are changeable or variable while sex differences and roles are fixed and cannot be changed. The Nigerian constitution upholds equal position and opportunities for men and women. By this, women acquire the same training alongside the opposite sex (male) and thus acquire the same experience
In gender roles, culture dictates how a man or woman should behave. This had led to a gender role stereotypes where society believes that some activities or occupations are specifically meant for a particular sex and not the other. The factors that influence gender roles in a society include: economy, technology, education, and politics, among others.
The Essay on Spirited People Gender Female Male
In 1952, few Americans were familiar with the concept of transsexualism. It was difficult to understand or acknowledge that "gender" was not synonymous with "sex;" that is, most people believed that the anatomy with which a child was born would indisputably influence his or her behavior, disposition, career choices, tastes and sexual preferences in one of two ways: male, or female. It was in that ...
Gender and Library Education
Librarians have made decisive contributions toward the development of the educational process. The establishment of an educational process based on the body of knowledge is the recognized responsibility of every professional group irrespective of the gender. In the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, China and Japan, there are good library schools. In the United Kingdom, professional examinations of the Library Association as well as the first degree are entry qualifications for Librarianship or Information Science. In the United States of America, librarianship is a postgraduate program, which can be obtained in graduate Library Schools or in a graduate school of Library and Information Science. Nigeria has many Library and Information Science Schools, while some of the schools offer Bachelor of library science (BLS); others offer degrees at the postgraduate level, (Aguolu, 1986).
Particularly in academic libraries in Nigeria, it is not an overstatement to say that the Heads of Libraries prefer to hire staff that have librarianship as a postgraduate course rather than a straight first degree, irrespective of their gender, (Falaiye, 2004).
Ononogbo and Falaiye (1992) examined the curriculum for library science education in the New Nigerian Standards. They compared the curriculum to a standard curriculum recommended by the International Federation of Library Association and Institutions (IFLA).
There was no gender difference because everything about the curriculum applies to both sexes (all students).
There are universities like University of Ibadan, University of Nigeria, Ahmadu Bello University, Bayero University, Imo State University, Delta State University, University of Maiduguri, among others, offering courses in Librarianship and some degrees up to the doctoral level.
Methodology
The data for the study was collected using a questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed and administered in selected academic/university libraries. The questionnaire was meant to find out the composition of professional library staff in respect to gender. Questions were asked relating to highest qualifications and marital status. Other questions dealt with the number of years one had worked, current rank, how male colleagues viewed their female counterparts, and career advancement opportunities. In addition, interviews were held with some librarians. One source of data was the Directory of Librarians edited by Tamuno et. al. (1997).
The Essay on Penalties for success: Reactions to women who succeed at male gender-typed tasks
Women are subjected to gender-biased evaluations with their performance on male gender-typed tasks often devalued and their competence denied. This result from the inconsistency between stereotypic perceptions of what women is like and the qualities thought necessary to perform a typically male job. The main idea of this article is to demonstrate this phenomenon, to provide insight into why and ...
It was this source that made it possible to extract the relevant data in respect to professional librarians, academic librarians, and whether they are male or female.
Findings and Discussions
Sample and Respondents’ Biographical Details
Out of one hundred and eighty (180) questionnaires sent, sixty (60) were returned, giving a response rate of 33.3%. The age of respondents is shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Age of Respondents Age range Percentage of Respondents
20 – 30 12
31 – 40 45
41 – 50 30
50+ 13
For the purpose of analysis, respondents were grouped into two age ranges; 20-40 and 41 and above. Splitting the respondents into these two age groups meant that the number in each category was similar (57 and 43).
Table 2 shows the gender distribution of male and female.
Table 2 Academic Staff Male % of Total Female % of Total
60 36 60% 24 40%
Available literature has shown a preponderance of female library practitioners in Britain and the United of America but information has remained scanty with regards to the Nigerian gender prevalence situation.
Table 3 shows that majority of the sample are married. For the purpose of analysis it was decided to retain only two categories: married and single (including others who had stated that they were divorced or separated and currently single to all intents and purposes)
Table 3: Marital Status of Respondents Marital Status Percentage of Respondents
Single 28.3%
Married 66.7%
Others 5%
Qualifications and Motivation for Studying
The respondents were asked about their previous degree in order to ascertain their career history. The responses were varied so it was decided to group them into two categories: Arts and Humanities, and Science. A large percentage of the females (80%) had an Arts and Humanities background while the males were more evenly split between the two with those with a Science background being in a slight majority. The respondents were given a selection of eight possible reasons for choosing librarianship as a career. They were asked to choose one or more statements that reflect their decision. As Table 4 shows, the desire to work with books/information was the most common response.
Table 4: Response for Choice of Career Reasons Total
(%) Males
(%) Female
(%)
It can lead to a good career 16 20 15
Wanted to develop IT skills 10 17 9
Wanted to be a professional 12 12 12
Wanted to do a Masters degree 13 16 11
Personal interest in the field 14 7 15
Enjoy working with people 15 9 17
Enjoy working with books/information 20 20 20
Enjoy work experience 12 11 13
The desire to become a professional was strong among both males and females.
The respondents were questioned about their attitude to their career and work in general. As Table 5 indicates, the largest percentage of both males and females saw work as important as family/social life. A considerable higher percentage of females than males felt that social life/family life was more important.
Table 5: Work/Career Attitudes Attitude Total
(%) Males
(%) Females
(%)
Work is the most important part of my life 7 9 4
Work is just a way of making money 3 8 2
Work is not as important as my social/family life 35 24 40
Work is as important as my social/family life 48 55 45
Table 6 shows that marital status also appeared to affect females’ willingness to relocate, with fewer married females indicating that they would be willing to move to further their promotion prospects.
Table 6: Female respondents’ willing to move geographically for job/promotion analyzed by marital status Married (%) Single (%)
Willing 25 87
Unwilling 70 10
No response 5 3
Occupational Characteristics of Women Academic Librarians in Nigeria
All the women in the study were professionally qualified to be employed by the different university libraries. This finding also corroborates the findings of Majanja and Kiplang’at (2003).
Their statistics indicated that women librarians in Kenya possess high qualifications, which compared favorably with those of their male counterparts.
Conception of Female Librarians by Male Counterparts
On the issue of whether the male counterparts of female librarians earned more for equal work done, the study revealed that there was no discrimination. While 95% of the respondents acknowledged there was no discrimination, 82.5% also stated that their male counterparts saw them as their equals. Majanja and Kiplang’at (2003) reported that majority of the respondents observed that their pay package and other remuneration were not commensurate with work done. Similarly Gregory and Ramirez (2000) expressed surprise that in 1999 in the United States of America, the average salary for women rose only 5.2% while that of men leaped by 12%.
Conclusion
Nigerian women have risen to the challenge. From the study, it can be concluded that the status of women librarians is under no threat in terms of remuneration and position. It is worthy to note that despite different obstacles, hindrances and barriers against women to participate effectively, they are still advancing professionally. Whether the female librarians advance in their career or not is entirely a decision of the professional women themselves. The study found little difference between male and female attitudes towards their careers in terms of ambition, aspiration or commitment. As was found in the study carried out by Jones and Oppenheim (2002) any obstacle perceived could be self-imposed. Gender equality is experienced as men and women with the same education and training now compete for advertised positions. In Nigeria, the culture of librarianship recognizes that librarians are united in the occupation regardless of their sex.
Despite the above, women still need encouragement through sound educational counseling to assist in eliminating or reducing any psychological barriers affecting them (Falaiye, 2004).
Employers should make social amenities more available and change some organizational structures to be more flexible. Women should not be asked to alter their attitudes towards their families, children and wider social commitments (Jones and Goulding, 1999).
The attitudes of women should be incorporated into the job at the different cadres of managerial levels. In a write-up by Orisahawo, (1990) a former Nigerian Head of State, Babangida stated that the African continent has all along underutilized the potential of its women. The development of a nation will be carried out in partnership with women and no gender should be seen as either the senior or junior partner in a relationship. In fact, we need to perceive the world through women’s eyes rather than holding a mirror up to men (Wilson, 1995).
References
Abiola, H. (2004, April 18).
It is challenging to be a woman. Sunday Punch, p. 23.
Aguolu, C. C. (1986).
Problems facing the library profession in Nigeria. Library Waves, 1(1), 35-38.
Amekuedee, J.-O., & Adanu, T. S.A. (2006).
Women Librarians in Ghana: Their status and career development. African Journal of Archives and Information Science, 16(1), 39-43.
Burrington, G. (1987).
Equal opportunities in librarianship?: Gender and career aspirations. London: Library Association.
Falaiye, Z. M. (2004).
Gender participation in academic libraries and information services in Nigeria. Owena Journal of Library and Information Science, 1(2).
Gregory, V. L., & Ramirez, W. S. (2000).
Better pay, more jobs. Library Journal, 125(17), 30-36.
Harris, J. (1970).
Libraries and Librarianship in Nigeria at mid-century. Nigerian Libraries, 6, 26-36.
Idowu, A. O. (1998).
Gender and age factors in attitude of Nigerian university and research librarians toward use of computer. Nigerian Libraries, 32(2), 10-19.
Gender equality and Democracy. (2000).
In International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, Democracy in Nigeria (pp.115-116).
Stockholm, Sweden: International Idea.
Glass Ceiling. (2005).
In Wikipedia. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glass_ceiling.
Jones, C., & Goulding, A. (1999).
Is the female of the species less ambitious than the male?: The career attitudes of students in the Department of Information and Library Studies. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 31(1), 7-19.
Jones, E., & Oppenheim, C. (2002).
Glass ceiling issues in UK library profession. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 34(2), 103-115.
McRae, S. (1996).
Women at the top: progress after five years. London: Hansard Society.
Majanja, M. & Kiplang’at (2003).
Women Librarians in Kenya: a study of the status and occupational characteristics. Library Management, 24(1/2), 70-78.
Ogunrombi, S.A., Pisagih, H.C., & Udoh, V.W. (2002).
The recognition of women Librarians in Nigeria: an evaluative study.” African Journal of Library, Archives and Information science, 12(1) 81-90.
Ononogbo, R.U. & Falaiye, Z. M. (1992).
New standards for library education in Nigeria. Third World Libraries, 2(2) 10-18.
Orishawo, B. (1990, August 27).
A lift for women: the Babangida years. Daily Times, p.17.
Poland, F. (1996).
Women and Senior Management. London: Library Association.
Tamuno, O.G., et. al. (eds.) (1997).
Directory of Library Staff in Nigerian Universities. Committee of University Librarians of Nigerian Universities (CULNU).
Wilson, F. (1995).
Organizational behaviour and gender. London: McGraw-Hill.
Back to Contents
