Hayes and Cunningham’s conclusions are similar to Wood’s (2007) position that examined gender differences in the educational expectations of African American youth and their parents. Wood (2007) concludes that male youth would hold lower expectations for their future educational attainment than females, and that parents would hold lower expectation for the future attainment of sons than for that of daughters. Parental expectations have been shown to predict the self-expectations of African American youth, and because parents’ expectations for boys are seen to be less optimistic than those for girls.
Wood (2007) predicted that the gender difference in African American youths’ expectations would be caused by the parental expectations. These predictions explain why, amongst African Americans, both youth and parents endorse the stereotype that males are less competent in academic fields than females (Wood et al. , 2006).
Wood (2007) explains the possible gender differences in teachers’ expectations for the future attainment of their African American students. Teachers tend to show more significant signs of prejudice towards their African American male students compared to female students.
This research thus delineates the obstacles that African American males face by being male and African American. Saunders and Davis (2004), however, argue that African American students with a positive self-perception have been found to enhance academic performance. The differences found in self-perceptions between males and females in this study are consistent with those found in their academic outcomes. Specifically, females reported higher levels of academic ability and importance of school completion. Saunders and Davis (2004) suggested hat having greater confidence in their academic abilities is consistent with girls having higher grade point averages compared to males. Patterns of school completion are formed by the interaction of the school environment, society, and individual characteristics. It certifies that African American males and females experience the school environment very differently. Males are consistently behind in school for their age, typically have lower grades in reading and conduct, and are more likely to have failed one or more grades. (U. S Bureau of the Census, 1992).
The Essay on Native American Europeans Americans Africans
The New cHaOtiC World Three completely different cultures clashed together and triggered the confusions all three worlds had against each other. All their misunderstandings then turned into a whole New World that still remains. Today, this New World is one of the main confinements for crimes. Religiously, the complexity of the unfamiliar Gods they believe existed had caused the big misconception. ...
By comparison African American females, of all ages, perform better in the classroom than males. African American females tend to report more positive experiences which increase their confidence in their academic skills and abilities. Furthermore Saunders and Davis (2004) also noted that the reason why females have more positive experiences might be related to the fact that most elementary school teachers are female. As a group, female teachers are more tolerant of and better able to handle girls’ behavior (and misbehavior) in a more positive manner compared to that of boys.
Saunders and Davis strongly suggest that an increase in the number of male teachers would help change this pattern. After reading Cohen’s (2000) observations on the difference in academic results between African American men and woman, it is clear that there is not a significant reason or explanation for this gender gap. He noted that African American women are more likely to be financially independent with dependents of their own and, thus, more in need of financial assistance than are African American men. African American woman are more likely to receive financial aid from most institutional types.
The Essay on Why Are Male and Female Entrepreneurs Different
Have you ever wondered how male and their gender counterpart, females are different entrepreneurs? What about their styles and how they run their enterprise? They may be similar by race but their gender says differently. What makes male and female entrepreneurs different business leaders? Do they work towards the same goals or is there a hidden milestone? In this essay you will come to understand ...
The graduation rate of African American students dramatically increased when they were provided with financial aid. For example, 22% of African Americans without financial aid received their degrees within 5 years, while 40% of those receiving financial aid finished their degrees during this same period of time. Also, 46% of African American students who received no aid dropped out of college, as compared to 30% of those who had received financial assistance (Frederick D. Patterson Research Institute, 1997a, p. 248).
These statistics signify the possibility that African American males struggle to secure financial aid, which could be the reason why males are being held back from attending college or possibly the reason as to why they are not completing their degrees. Cohen also mentioned the effects of living in devastating social and economic conditions. For example, in Cohen’s study, nearly a third of the African American youth came from families with income levels of less than $12,000 a year. Also, African American students live in neighborhoods with greater unemployment, arrests per person, etc.
These poor living conditions might have an affect on high school degree attainment among African American students and it would not be surprising if these students appeared to be less prepared for college. Another possible explanation for the gender gap pertains to African American males in particular. Many African American males graduate from high school and enlist directly into the military rather than enrolling in college. Data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics (1997) suggest that there was a loss of an entire generation of African American men to the criminal justice system.
In other words, it is estimated that by 2000, 1 in 10 African American men would be incarcerated which would account for nearly 50% of the prison population. A possible relationship exists between the stagnation in African American educational attainment, as it is located among males, and the rising rates of arrests in African American communities. My research question asks why more African American woman are engaged in academics at Excel High and why they have higher rates of academic success than African American boys.
The Term Paper on Over Representation of African American Students in the Special Education System.
... life altering to students given incorrect placement. Lawsuits have been filed charging that placements of high numbers of African American, especially male, in special education ... curriculum better prepare teachers to educate African American students? The majority of the teachers coming out of college will be spending there first few ...
Literature reviews provided me with background information on African American males and females that will assist me with further analysis. Research Methodology: I will spend a year at Excel High School observing and interacting with twelfth grade African American male and female students. I will observe how students cope with both high school graduation and their transition to college. I will collect this information through several types of quantitative and qualitative methods including observations, surveys, and interviews.
I will note teachers’ attitudes towards students, especially towards African American males. I will observe the ways in which teachers react to both boys and girls in different academic settings. Studying various degrees of parental influence and the effects parents have on their child’s schoolwork and study habits will also be beneficial to my study. I will do this by handing out voluntary surveys to the students, who will take them home for their parents. The reason why I will make the surveys voluntarily is because I do not want to obligate the parents to fill out these surveys.
The surveys will include questions that are based on their home situation, their social status, and the way the parents tutor their children academically. For example, their family income, two or one parent environment, their home neighborhood, and how much time they spend with their children doing homework. Next to these surveys I will also interview the students. I will do this by conversing with the students individually. I will conduct my research in a comfortable setting where students would be more likely to express their opinions in a natural way, for example: during lunchtime, before school starts, or after school.
I will use most information from the individual interviews, due to the fact that my attendance in the classroom will influence the children by their behaviors. Thus my observations would not be specific enough towards their real behaviors. Using the information gathered from individual interviews, I will ask students to participate in smaller focus groups to discuss the subject matter in greater depth. In these discussion groups I would like them to talk about their futures, if they have specific goals, or if they are excited to go college (if they go to college), etc.
The Research paper on Maritime Students Perception on School Related activities
... Winter 2001, reported on a survey of 1,115 Massachusetts high school students. Survey results indicated that athletes were ... research project published by the Center for Information & Research on Civic Learning & Engagement ... percent more likely to have become teen parents; 35 percent more likely to have ... (United States Department of Education. No Child Left Behind: The facts about 21st Century ...
