The UK is widely quoted as having the highest levels of Teen Pregnancy in Western Europe (Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and Co-coordinating Centre EPPI 2006) the topic of teenage pregnancy has been high on the agenda throughout the Labour government and continues to be a focus for the Coalition. With teenage parents facing comparatively adverse social and health outcomes, it is also identifiable that teenage parents are often excluded from education, training and employment, particularly when they are already socially disadvantaged (SEU, 1999).
However, the evidence is contradictory as to whether these adverse outcomes are purely related to the age of conception or are, more likely, a combination of social factors and the impact of decades of structural economic policy. (Plumtree 2011)
Prevention of early motherhood is a priority for public health in all parts of the UK, where conception rates per 1000 women younger than 18 years are among the highest in Western Europe (Office for National Statistics (ONS), 1999; ISD Scotland, 2003/04).
In England, the government’s priority for action was translated into the launch in 1999 of a 10-year national teenage pregnancy strategy that aimed to halve the rate of teenage conceptions by 2010 and to lessen the risk of long-term social exclusion of teenage parents by improving the proportion that are in education, training, or employment (Hamlyn, 2002; SEU, 1999).
These two aims are supported by evidence that teenage motherhood can have detrimental effects on the health and socioeconomic status of both mother and child (Botting et al, 1998; Nanchahal et al, 2005), and carries personal and public costs (Sharp, 1998).
The Research paper on Assess The Individual In A Health And Social Care Setting 2
The idea of professional or organizational assessment is an inherent feature of contemporary practice in care services. Professional or organizational assessment represents the entry of an intentionally rational and systematic approach to the encounter between a homes Care manager, social worker, other professionals and people seeking help or services, who may be individuals, couples, families, ...
The highest proportions of teenage pregnancies occur in the most socioeconomically disadvantaged groups (Babb, 1993; Smith, 1993), and in geographic areas with high social and material deprivation. These statistics have prompted the Government to invest in services designed to improve future outcomes (Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology POST 2004) In England, as in Scotland and Wales, the numbers of teenage conceptions peaked in 1998, then declined after the inception of the national teenage pregnancy strategy in 1999 (ONS, 1999).
The average rate of decline since 1998 was about the same for England and Scotland and a little higher in Wales (ONS, 1999).
The patterns by age within England and Wales show that conception rates declined most steeply in the under-18 and under-20 age-groups; among older women they fell less rapidly or increased (ONS, 1999)., the conception rate was 44·3 per 1000 women aged 15–17 years, the abortion rate was 18·0 per 1000, and the birth rate was 26·4 per 1000 Wilkinson et al, 2006).
By 1999–2003, the number of conceptions was 3·2% lower, equating to about 1·4 per 1000 women aged 15–17 years; the number of abortions was 7·5% (6·5 to 8·6) higher (around 1·4 per 1000); and the number of births was 10·6% (9·9 to 11·3) lower (around 2·8 per 1000) (Wilkinson et al, 2006).
Across England as a whole, the average annual decline in under-18 conceptions from 1998 to 2003 was 2·0% (1·8 to 2·2), below the rate needed to achieve the target 50% reduction by 2010 (Wilkinson et al, 2006).
Compared with 1994–98, teenage conception rates in 1999–2003 were lower in 102 (69%) of the 148 top-tier local authorities. From the 1998 peak, rates fell in 120 (81%) areas, but rose by more than 2% a year in 13 (Wilkinson et al, 2006).
The Term Paper on Teenage Pregnancy 2
First I would like to thank the Almighty God for giving me the guidance, health and strength in completing this project and making it a success. Secondly, I would like to show gratitude to my Social Studies teach, Mr. Burke, for giving me the opportunity and having patience with me to do this project. Thirdly, I would like to thank my Aunty and Uncle, Mr & Mrs. Campbell for helping and letting ...
London fared particularly badly, with more than half the constituent local authorities showing a rise or no appreciable fall in rates (Wilkinson et al, 2006).
Teenage pregnancy might be conceptualized as a social problem because it is regarded as an outcome which is brought about by social forces, and which is harmful to the woman and the children concerned. Current evidence suggests that pregnancy can harm the health of younger teenagers and their babies.
However, most teenage pregnancies and births occur amongst older teenagers, and there is little evidence of harm to the health of this group or their children (Macintyre and Cunningham-Burley 1993, Hoffman 1998, Smith and Pell 2001).
The decline in under-18 conception and birth rates since 1998 and evidence that the declines have been greatest in areas receiving higher amounts of strategy-related funding provides limited evidence of the effect of England’s national teenage pregnancy strategy (Wilkinson et al, 2006).
The full effect of local prevention will be clear only with longer observation, and substantial further progress is needed to remedy England’s historically poor international position in teenage conceptions (Wilkinson et al, 2006) Aim:
The aim of this research is to access the effectiveness of government strategies in reducing teenage pregnancy in England Objectives:
1 To explore the prevalence of teens pregnancy in England
2 To investigate the social implications of pregnancy among teenagers.
3 To examine the effectiveness of government strategies in reducing teenage pregnancy in England. Researchers are calling for urgent action to improve contraceptive advice and services to reduce the growing number of repeat teenage pregnancies in the UK. Using national abortion figures for England and Wales from 1991 to 2007, the researchers from the University of Nottingham found that the number of women aged less than 20 years presenting for repeat abortion has risen steadily over 15 years. They call for better targeted services to support and guide teenagers after a first abortion (Practice Nurse, 2009).
The Dissertation on Teenage Pregnancy Nursing Esteem Health
Addressing Macro Perspectives Of Societal Influences In Addressing Macro Perspectives Of Societal Influences In Relation To Teenage Pregnancy By The Professional Through The Nursing Profession ADDRESSING MACRO PRESPECTIVES OF SOCIETAL INFLUENCES IN RELATION TO TEENAGE PREGNANCY BY THE PROFESSIONAL THROUGH THE NURSING PROFESSION? As your actions are informed by your awareness of values, your ...
Database used:
Academic search complete
Department of Health website
NICE publication& World Health Organization website
Library Books
Materials and publication included in this proposed research were relevant to the topic. Some provided historical background on teenage pregnancy and others provided current trend in teenage pregnancy in UK, only publication related to United Kingdom were used while those excluded were not relevant especially those published in different language and those that are not designed for UK population. Methods:
This proposed research will be secondary, it tends to be quantitative in nature which is to say is the form of number that can be quantified and summarized. It relies on secondary data particularly existing databases. A major advantage of secondary research is its lower cost relative to primary research. There are numerous secondary research sources which cost considerably less. Nineraserei (2005).
Another advantage of secondary research is that is already converted into charts, demographics and organized, secondary research provides data about population or universe being studies. It provides the number of times Inclusion Criteria:
Publication: data from 1999-2011
United Kingdom and other countries
Article in English
Topic related: Teenage Pregnancy
Exclusion Criteria:
Foreign Language
Ethical Consideration:
No ethical consideration in this research proposal as this is not pertaining to or dealing with morals or principles of morality, or pertaining to right or wrong conduct. It is completely literature based.
Data Management and Protection:
The data to be used is already in use as discussed above,no public domain will be use in this proposed research, Target Population:
.
Research Time-table:
Target Action
Literature Search
Literature Review
Developing Thematic Chart
Literature Write-up
Draft 1
Draft 2
Bias and Reflection
Reference List:
Babb P. (1993).
Teenage conceptions and fertility in England and Wales, 1971–91. Population Trends; Vol; (74): 12–17.
Botting B, Rosato M, Wood R. (1998) Teenage mothers and the health of their children. Population Trends Vol (93): 9–28.
Marketing Research Paper Primary Secondary Information
Introduction Primary Marketing research is a technique of collecting customized, original information from potential consumers that shows their buying behavior, preferences, and behaviors concerning certain products or services. Secondary marketing research is gathering information from existing sources such as figures, reports, the Internet, or demographic data. The objective of this paper is to ...
Hamlyn C.( 2002), Teenage pregnancy and sex education: Journal of Family Health Care; VOL (12): 71–73.
ISD Scotland. Teenage pregnancy: teenage pregnancy figures to 2003/04. http://www.isdscotland.org/isd/2092.html (accessed September, 2006).
Nanchahal K, Wellings K, Barrett G, et al (2005).
Changes in the circumstances of young mothers in Britain: Journal of Epidemiol Community Health Vol (59): 828–33.
Office for National Statistics, Report: conceptions in England and Wales 1999. Population Trends 2001; 103: 84.
Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology (2004): Teenage Sexual Health. Parliamentary office of Science and Technology: Online, available at www.parliament.uk.post/home.htm [Accessed on 7th May 2014].
Social Exclusion Unit (1999): Teenage Pregnancy. London: HMSO.
Sharp S. (1998) Meta-analysis regression. Stata Technical Bulletin; Vol (42): 148–55. Smith T. (1993) Influence of socioeconomic factors on attaining targets for reducing teenage pregnancies. BMJ ; 306: 1232–35.
Wilkinson et al, (2006) Teenage conceptions, abortions, and births in England, 1994–2003,and the national teenage pregnancy strategy. Lancet; 368: 1879–86
6 Loto OM, Ezechi OC, Kalu BK, Loto A, Ezechi L, Ogunniyi SO. Poor obstetric performance of teenagers: is it age- or quality of care-related? J Obstet Gynaecol 2004; 24: 395–98.
7 da Silva AA, Simoes VM, Barbieri MA, et al. Young maternal age and preterm birth. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2003; 17: 332–39. 8 Hobcraft J, Kiernan K. Childhood poverty, early motherhood and adult social exclusion. Br J Sociol 2001; 52: 495–517.
The research will also are currently regarded by many policy-maker and researchers in the USA and UK as a major social problem (Alan Guttmacher Institute (AGI) 1999, Social Exclusion Unit (SEU) 1999. This has not always been the case in these countries, and is currently not the case in some other parts of the world (Macintyre and Cunningham- Burley 1993)
