Abstract Unnaturalness in English – Vietnamese translation: causes and cures by Le Phuong Lan The purpose of this graduation thesis has primarily been to define and describe mistakes – the translation unnaturalness – frequently seen in English – Vietnamese translation which, does not completely ruin the whole work though, may confuse or puzzle readers of the target language. To further develop the argument, the thesis works out some of the major causes of unnaturalness in English – Vietnamese translations by not only students of English but also people who practice translating as their profession.
Each cause is presented with typical examples taken out from published materials like newspaper articles, translated literary works, and students’ translation exercises as well as assignments. The thesis then boldly suggests possible solutions, i. e. a number of strategies translators and would-be translators can employ to address or, at least, minimize these common mistakes . 2 Acknowledgements First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave me the possibility to complete this thesis.
I want to thank the English Department of Hanoi University of Foreign Studies for giving me permission to commence this thesis in the first instance and to do the necessary research work. I am deeply indebted to my supervisor Mr. stages of this research for and writing of this thesis. My classmates from class FA1 – 2002 supported me a great deal and I want to thank them for all their support, cooperation and valuable suggestions. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to other fellow students of the English Department for providing me their translation exercises and assignments to use as references.
The Essay on The use of english song to improve student vocabulary
English has become an international language that use in daily communication almost country in the world. because of that almost all of country in the world study about english, when we began to study english there are four skill such as listening, reading,writing and speaking. speaking is one of skill that must be master if we want speak english very well. But in fact that a lot of students in ...
Especially, I am obliged to my friends who looked closely at the final version of the thesis for English style and grammar, correcting both and offering suggestions for improvement. Finally, I cannot fully express my gratitude to all the people whose direct and indirect support helped me complete my thesis in time. ng Xuan Thu whose reference materials, support, stimulating suggestions and encouragement helped me in all 3 Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1. 1 Rationale 1. 2 Literature review 1. 3 Aims and scope of the thesis 2. Unnaturalness in English – Vietnamese translation 2.
1 What is unnaturalness in translation? 2. 2 Classification of mistakes that cause unnaturalness in English – Vietnamese translation 2. 2. 1 On linguistic aspects 2. 2. 1. 1 At word level 2. 2. 1. 2 At phrase level 2. 2. 1. 3 At sentence level 2. 2. 1. 4 Linguistic untranslatability 2. 2. 2 On cultural aspects 2. 2. 2. 1 Translation of idioms and fixed expressions 2. 2. 2. 2 Translation of implications and classic references 2. 2. 2. 3 Cultural untranslatability 3. Causes of unnatural translation 3. 1 Subjective causes 3. 1. 1 Insufficient language competence 3.
1. 1. 1 Insufficient target language (Vietnamese) competence 3. 1. 1. 2 Insufficient source language (English) competence 13 13 14 21 23 28 30 30 34 36 38 38 38 38 40 7 7 8 10 12 12 4 3. 1. 2 Inadequate cultural background 3. 2 Objective causes 3. 2. 1 Linguistic differences between English and Vietnamese 41 42 42 3. 2. 2 Cultural differences 4. Translation techniques to avoid unnaturalness 4. 1 Accommodation 4. 1. 1 What is accommodation? 4. 2. 2 Types of accommodations 4. 2 Some suggested techniques 4. 2. 1 Overcoming linguistic problems 4. 2. 1.
The Essay on Cross-Cultural English And Vietnamese
I. Introduction: Nowadays, nature plays an importance role in maintaining human’s life and balancing ecosystem over the world. Both Vietnamese and British are aware of the importance of nature in their life. However, people of each country have different attitude towards nature. As a lover of nature, I find it very interesting to contrast the British and Vietnamese cultures in love for nature. ...
1 Choose the right word 4. 2. 1. 2 Choose the right structure 4. 2. 1. 3 Dealing with linguistic untranslatability 4. 2. 2 Overcoming cultural problems 4. 2. 2. 1 Cultural substitutions 4. 2. 2. 2 Dealing with cultural untranslatability 5. Conclusions 5. 1 Overview and summary of the thesis 5. 2 Strengths and weaknesses of the thesis 5. 3 Suggestions for further research and final comments References Literary sources 43 45 45 45 46 46 48 48 50 52 53 53 55 59 59 61 61 63 65 5 List of Tables 2. 1 Words with similar denotation but different connotation 2.
2 Too informal translations 2. 2 Different nuances of the verb “to contribute” 2. 4 Replacements of parts of speech 2. 5 Word order at phrase level 2. 6 Unnecessary use of the passive voice 2. 7 Translation of sentences containing a relative clause 2. 8a Coincidences in English and Vietnamese similes 2. 8b Differences in English and Vietnamese similes 4. 1 Nouns to verbs or adjectives 4. 2 Switch between plural and singular form 4. 3 Cultural substitutions 14 16 18 19 23 24 26 31 32 48 49 54 55 4. 4 Free translation of proper names Chapter 1 Introduction 1.
1 Rationale The practice of translation dates back some two thousand years and ever since has existed until present days. It is generally believed that translation plays a key role in the universalisation of human knowledge. It helps improve international understanding, socio-cultural awareness, professional communicative activities, implementation of technologies, and so much more. Many well-known translators have been praised for their great contribution to the mankind. Translation is of undeniable significance to the development of the world culture and society.
However, the practice of translation has long been criticized for being, more than often, unsatisfactory or even incorrect. The Italians have a saying that goes, “traduttore, tradittore” (translator, traitor).
This seems to evoke an immoderate distaste for translators; yet it has its own reasoning. Certainly, almost no translation is perfect even when the general message is conveyed. This is due to the many linguistic and cultural differences between one language and another. Perfecting the practice of translation has been a great desire of generations of translators all over the world.
The Term Paper on Translation Shift From English To Bahasa Indonesia In Westlife Song Lyrics
A. PREFACE Translation shift is common occurrence that we can find in translation. This thing happens because whole languages in the world have different grammatical structure. According to Peter Newmark “’shift’ (Catford’s term) or ‘transposition’ (Vinay and Darbelnet) is a translation procedure involving a change in the grammar from SL to TL”. (Newmark, 1988:85). A ...
There have been several senior translators devoting their life to finding ways to overcome difficulties in their work. In other words, they have tried to figure out and resolve common pitfalls that make a translation unnatural and sometimes even incomprehensible. That is also the attempt that this thesis tries to accomplish, though in much more limited scope. 7 1. 2 Literature review In Vietnam, there has been a growing concern about the quality of English – Vietnamese translations. Some have been called by prestigious translators as “disasters of the translation art”.
Indeed, the practice of translation is not only a craft, but also a science and an art (Newmark, 1988), which needs to be constantly improved with a view to bringing the Vietnamese mass culture to new heights. Particularly, English is the language of billions of documents available in all fields, academic or popular. Therefore, it is hardly surprising that many scholars and lecturers teaching translation at universities have spared no efforts to work on the frequently seen types of mistakes in English – Vietnamese translation as well as techniques translators may employ to avoid them.
However, the field of study in Vietnam began comparatively recently and the number of published works remains modest. While some research has focused on the basic theory of translation, other work has sought to show different examples of translation techniques or provide sample translations. Much of the work published for internal circulation in universities emphasizes the former aspect, which is the theoretical basis of translation. Prominent publications of this type (in Vietnam) include Interpreting and Translation Course Book (Bui Ti n B o & ng Xuan Thu, 1999), Theory of Translation (Hu?nh Trung Tin & Nguy n Ng c Tuy n, n. d. ) and some scattered academic essays found on the Internet.
Different from international books on the theory of translation, these publications are closely related to the English – Vietnamese translation. Written by experienced translators who have spent years practicing translation as a profession and working with students learning translation skills, the books concentrate on addressing the main theoretical issues encountered by translation learners in Vietnam. This can be a solid basis to start any further research on the practice of translation in Vietnam.
How Can I Avoid Literal/Verbal Translation from My Native Language When Writing an English Essay
As a foreign English learner, , I constantly make grammatical and structural errors when writing in English even though I started learning English at a very early age and have a relatively better speaking and listening ability among my peers. In fact, many Asians, Mandarin users like me in particular, encounter such problem a lot when writing in the English language. As a consequence, I want to ...
For instance, in Interpreting and Translation Theory, the authors have mentioned the basic process of translation with the four-level approach. 8 It is a crucial argument to locate the level of naturalness in the whole translation process. However, about the unnaturalness in translation, none of the books mentioned have a clear definition of it. The description is rather brief and the issue is not placed enough importance on, whereas actually the books have certain examples of unnatural translations in several chapters.
Another trend of coping with translation issues in Vietnam is to figure out what are the weaknesses lingering in translation work and suggest specific techniques to help translators avoid repeating frequently made mistakes. This kind of approach can be seen in Hu ng d n k thu t d ch Anh – Vi t (English – Vietnamese Translation Techniques) (2005) by Nguy n Qu c Hung and Le Van S ’s Translation and Grammar (2003).
Both books are practical and useful for readers as translation learners if they are to develop their translation skills and ability to deal with thorny situations.
The authors base their arguments on verified studies by well-known scholars over the world and their scope of study is broad. In Hu ng d n k thu t d ch Anh – Vi t, the author conducts in-depth analysis of each translation technique following every unit, which is in fact a sample translation task. The book focuses on the English – Vietnamese translation, the same as that of this thesis. The classification is rational and examples are practical. The only limitation of the book is that it gives too little room for discussion on problems a translator may face when translating the sample passages and the causes.
It is much like instructions for specific translation tasks rather than suggestions on translation methodology. In summary, this is a good book for translators who have already recognized their weaknesses and are seeking ways to improve their skills and polish their translations. However, for inexperienced translators or translation learners, it is more important to know the potential pitfalls they usually face so as to avoid them. This is why there is a need for a study on common mistakes that make an English – Vietnamese translation unnatural or smooth.
The Review on Translation Shift Approaches
Introduction The term “shift” commonly refers to changes which occur or may occur in the process of translating. As long as translating is a language use, the notion of shift belongs to the notion of linguistic performance as opposed to that of theories of competence. Although the term “shift” was initially adopted by Catford as “departures from formal correspondence in the process of from the ...
9 Author Le Van S in his book titled Translation and Grammar discusses as many as twenty five translation techniques, under each of them being typical and diverse examples. His way of classifying types of techniques is different from that of the author of Hu ng d n k thu t d ch Anh – Vi t, but it is rational on the ground of English grammar. Nevertheless, the book places too much emphasis on the grammatical aspects while it is crucial for translators to be aware of all linguistic aspects and even many cultural and social aspects. The sample translations are not accompanied by explanation of the translation methods.
In conclusion, so far few publications on English – Vietnamese translation clearly separate the mistakes that damage the meaning of the whole translation work and ones that make it sound un-Vietnamese or unnatural. These mistakes are discussed all together in the books mentioned above. Consequently, readers may not gain the different notions of what a correct translation is and what can be called a good translation. In fact, apart from the efforts to make correct literal translations, translators also need to be trained to better their work to the highest level possible.
It is for the sake of the whole translation culture at present and in the future. 1. 3 Aims and scope of the thesis The term translation can be understood in two ways. In broader term, translation is the process of converting words from one language to another (International Translation Bureau™, 2003).
According to this definition, it includes interpreting as the conversion of spoken words from one language into another. However, what this thesis looks at is translation with its narrower definition, concerning only the written words. The rendering of written texts from one language into another requires high accuracy and smoothness.
This is because translation tasks allow considerable time for translators to find the best substitutions while interpreters hardly have time to 10 consider the wording and structure carefully. Inaccuracy and unnaturalness in translation, therefore, need to be studied more cautiously than those in interpreting. Moreover, the thesis concentrates on analyzing in details the English Vietnamese translation, which is much more popular in Vietnam today than Vietnamese – English translation. It touches upon translations of this kind by students of English as well as translators for Vietnamese magazines, newspapers and publishers.
The Essay on The Most Beautiful Word in the English Language
You’re one of the shooters, and you know for a fact that there are two University scouts amongst the spectators that are very eager to choose one girl for a scholarship. Suddenly you’re in the circle and the ball is passed to you, you get ready to take the shot… but then… you see the other shooter for your team with an expression that cannot be described on her face. You know she is jealous and ...
This is due to the fact that not only translations by students but, worryingly, those by some contemporary professional translators in Vietnam can be dubbed unnatural. This is a flaw we need to eliminate or at least reduce to the minimum level with a view to purifying our mother tongue and providing readers with the best possible sources of knowledge and enjoyment. This is of importance to the development of Vietnamese culture and society in the future. The thesis may mention the theoretical base in each of its parts, but it concentrates largely on dealing with translation in practice.
In Vietnam, there have been quite little research work like this and most of the publications are for internal circulation in universities only. For that reason, this thesis is mostly based on the combination and analysis of minute details picked from these publications and materials acquired from personal sources. The primary aim of the thesis is to give students of English, the would-be translators, an overview of the frequently seen types of mistakes in English Vietnamese translation that may make their translations unnatural and incomprehensible so that they are fully aware of and able to avoid them.
The thesis also aims at finding causes of translation unnaturalness and then suggesting some possible strategies to overcome the problems. The targeted subjects of this thesis are mainly students; nevertheless, all people who are interested in translation work can consider it a useful reference helping improve their translating skills. In addition, the thesis touches upon a field of study that is still rather insufficient in Vietnam for further discussion by other researchers. 11 Chapter 2 Unnaturalness in English – Vietnamese Translation.
2. 1 What is Unnaturalness in Translation? Walter Benjamin (1892 – 1940), a German literary critic and philosopher, wrote in his essay “The Task of the Translator” (1923), one of the best-known theoretical texts about translation: It is the task of the translator to release in his own language that pure language which is under the spell of another, to liberate the language imprisoned in a work in his re-creation of that work. For the sake of pure language he breaks through decayed barriers of his own language. (Venuti, 2000).
In his preface to Tianyanlun, Yan Fu (1853 – 1921), a Chinese scholar famous for introducing Western thoughts into China during the late 19th century, explained the three problems in achieving an ideal translation: the “faithfulness to the original text (xin), communication of the ideas (da), and literary elegance (ya)” (Wright, 2001, p. 4).
Both Benjamin and Yan Fu, though belonging to two different cultures, agree that the translator should have the ability to not only thoroughly understand the source language text and convey the same understanding in the target language but also make his “re-creation” sound natural and pure enough to be accepted by readers of the target language. However, for some reasons, the translator may fail to fulfill his tasks and the outcome turns out to be a rough combination of words.
To figure out the underlying sources of this failure, we should remember the four levels of translation process: the textual level, the referential level, the cohesive level, and the level of naturalness (Bui Ti n B o & ng Xuan Thu, 1999).
12 However, as mentioned in the previous chapter, this thesis deals with only the fourth level, the level of naturalness, the most advanced one. Naturalness can be understood as “a set of requirements for the target language used” (Shei, 2002) which makes the translation read naturally and fit the context. Unnatural translation does not gravely spoil the general meaning of the text; nonetheless, to some extent, it distorts the writer’s intention, disappoints readers for not meeting that set of requirements.
In short, unnaturalness in translation can be understood as the failure to recreate a text “according to the writer’s intention, the reader’s expectation, and the appropriate norms of the target language”, making the translation imperfect and not literarily elegant (Newmark, 1988).
This may be considered a definition of translation unnaturalness, on which the following detailed analysis is based to judge the translations taken out from different sources. 2.
2 Classification of mistakes that cause unnaturalness in English – Vietnamese translation Unnaturalness in translation can be observed from the linguistic angle, analyzing the clumsy use of words, expressions, grammatical structures, etc. On the other hand, translated texts may be criticized for using alien cultural concepts, which seem to be so foreign to target language (Vietnamese) readers, resulting in dissatisfaction. From the above perspective, we can systematize unnatural English – Vietnamese translations on two grounds, the linguistic and the cultural grounds. 2. 2. 1 On linguistic aspects.
On the ground of linguistics, the most important aspect on which a translation is judged as good or bad, unnaturalness in translation can be broken down into three levels: word level, phrase level, and sentence level. No matter what level you may consider, perfect equivalence rarely happens between two languages, especially 13 when they belong to two quite different language families like English and Vietnamese. (While English belongs to the Indo-European family, Vietnamese is one of the Austro-Asiatic languages. ) Thus, translators employ various strategies to deal with the non-equivalence.
Some of them succeed, while the others do not and thus produce unnatural translations. 2. 2. 1. 1 At word level a. Loss of connotative meanings Before analyzing translation unnaturalness at the level of word, it is recommended to define and differentiate the two types of semantic components of the word. According to Catchword glossary, denotative component or denotation is the intrinsic, literal sense of a word, excluding its overtones and shades of meaning while connotative component or connotation is a word’s extrinsic, figurative sense, which includes its overtones and shades of meaning.
To better understand these concepts, see the following table of the denotation and connotation of meanings of some synonyms. Noticeably, too often these synonyms are not interchangeable in contexts though they have the same denotation “to look”. Word glare (v) peer (v) ogle (v) gaze (v) eye (v) glance (v) Denotation to look to look to look to look to look to look Connotation fixedly and angrily intently or searchingly flirtatiously or amorously intently and steadily carefully and suspiciously briefly or hastily Suggested Vietnamese equivalent nhin tr ng tr ng dom nhin hau hau nhin cham cham nhin ch m ch p thoang nhin.
14 to peep (v) to leer (v) to look to look quickly and secretly in an unpleasant way that shows an evil or sexual interest li c tr m li c u Table 2. 1: Words with similar denotation but different connotation Conspicuously, it is much simpler for a Vietnamese translator to remember the denotation of a word than keeping in mind all of its connotations. As a result, when encountering an English word he is not so sure about, an average or inexperienced translator tends to immediately choose the best Vietnamese equivalent of what he has known so far, regardless if it is suitable in the context or not.
In this way, he may somehow misrepresent the writer’s writing style and his/her intention. Connotation of Formality Perhaps the most frequently mentioned of the aspects of writing style is formality. A clear and general definition of “formality” is not obvious in most linguistic dictionaries; nevertheless, everybody usually makes an intuitive distinction between formal and informal manners of expression. An example of formal language might be the sentence read out by a judge at the end of a trial. A typical informal speech would be produced in a relaxed conversation between close friends or family members.
In other words, almost everybody instinctively has in mind a set of words they believe is of proper use in formal circumstances and another set to utilize only in casual situations. However, sometimes when translating a text in foreign language into their mother tongue, inexperienced translators, for some reason, fail to recognize the necessity to find equivalents of the same formality level. The improper words chosen then make the whole text a mixture of styles and this, to readers of the target 15 language, is unnatural and even confusing.
The phenomenon is frequently seen in students’ translations. Sometimes, they tend to be excessively informal: No. English spikes of the ‘70s, discretionary 1. spending of U. S. households had become excessive – setting the stage for America’s most severe consumer – led recession. Instead of addressing its own 2. profligacy, the U. S. risks a ruinous trade war. Vietnamese t kh ng a tr nen ho ng d u vao nh ng nam 1970, s chi tieu vo t i v qua m c, t o ti n M cho m t cu c Second, just prior to the two oil- price Th hai, ngay tru c hai suy thoai do tieu dung tr m tr ng nh t trong l ch s nu c M .
Thay vi tam vao s lang phi c a minh, Mi l i ang anh li u v i cu c chi n tranh thuong m i tan kh c. ng t ra qua h he; khong cho i phuong bi t r ng ung ra b n s n sang hon nhi u. ng y v i m t gia th p 3. Don’t gloat; don’t tell your adversary you were willing to settle for far less. Table 2. 2: Too informal translations Example 1 is extracted from an article on oil crisis in the U. S. translated by a fourth-year student. Apparently, the use of the Vietnamese adjective “vo t i v ” for “discretionary” does not work in this sentence though it might be a very good equivalent in another context.
Similarly, the verb “to risk” in English can be translated as “ anh li u” in sentences like : “He won’t like it, I know, but I’m ready to risk that even if he gets mad enough to fire me. ” (Toi bi t s p toi khong thich th , nhung toi s n sang anh li u m t phen du cho ong y co gi n n sa th i toi chang n a. ) The third example is an excerpt from the materials of a real course on 16 negotiation skills. Instead of the informal word “h he”, the translator should have used a more neutral one, such as “tho man” or “v a y”.
In other cases, the translation turns out to be unnecessarily ceremonious, which sometimes becomes a ridiculous joke. For instance, in her English – Vietnamese translation exercise, a student translated the headline “Chocs downsized in obesity battle” as “Nh ng thanh so-co-la gi m thi u v m t kich c trong cu c chi n ch ng can b nh beo phi”. The translation is rather cumbersome and does not have the sense of humour of the original headline. Generally speaking, it is easier to see over-informal translations than unnecessarily formal ones.
It is understandable given the fact that Vietnamese people tend to use much casual language in almost every situation. A high-ranking official’s speech at a justice ministry’s annual conference may read, “Chung ta ph i ra coi ong nao tieu c c, tham nhung, ph i ‘d t’ m y ong o ch khong th m y ong o hoanh hanh trong b may c a chung ta u c! ” or “Nh ng c tri cho toi bi t noi nao co m y th ng u g u du con la c lang, c ph lo s . ” Thus, to be formal at the right time and in the right place, translators must put a lot of effort in changing their own mindset and practice frequently.
Nuances of meaning Apart from formality, there are a number of other connotative meanings worth considering as we go through the process of translation. Looking at Table 2. 1, we can see emotive connotation, evaluative connotation, connotation of duration, connotation of cause, etc. These can be called nuances of meaning, giving the word some different nuances that differentiate it from other similar ones. Only when a translation conveys all of these nuances, Yan Fu’s criteria of the “communication of the ideas (da)” and the “literary elegance (ya)” are reached.
However, too often we observe the missing of these criteria. 17 In English there are words which carry a positive or negative connotation according to the phrases or sentences with which they co-occur. The translation of these words will sound very un-Vietnamese if the translator fails to choose the correct Vietnamese collocation (Minh H , 2002).
For example, the word ‘contribute’ in English usually co-occurs with words or phrases which can carry either a positive or a negative meaning. Let us consider the following sentences: No. 1. English a.
We must all work together to contribute to the building of a strong nation. (positive) b. The Labor Government was 2. blamed by many Australian people for contributing to the poor economy. (negative) Vietnamese Chung ta c n ph i lam vi c cung nhau nh m gop ph n xay d ng nu c v ng m nh. Chinh ph Lao ng a b nhi u l i v vi c ngu i dan Australia ngheo nan. t gop ph n lam n n kinh t tr nen Table 2. 3: Different nuances of the verb “to contribute” It is clearly seen that while “gop ph n” is The Vietnamese equivalent for “contribute”, it can only be used in a positive sense.
Thus, the term is appropriate for translating the word “contribute” in Sentence (1), however not Sentence (2), as it sounds less typical Vietnamese. In Sentence (2), it is suggested that “contributing” be translated as “ph n nao lam cho” because it helps convey a negative meaning. Unnatural translation occurs with particular frequency in literary texts for they involve much of delicate emotions. For example, when translating the sentence “Sue was quite unperturbed as she ogled at me again with a cute wink. ” an unskilled translator may omit the emotive connotation of some words.
The outcome turns out to be: “Sue hoan toan binh th n khi l i nhin toi va nhay m t tinh ngh ch. ” while it should be: “Sue l i th n nhien li c nhin toi tinh t , nang duyen dang nhay m t v i toi. ” 18 b. Rigid use of the part of speech Most translators, even unskilled ones or translation learners, know that they should avoid the word-for-word translation. Nevertheless, this is not a simple task especially when you are not very flexible in the use of words and parts of speech.
Some sentences from Translation and Grammar by Le Van S (2003, pp.2831) was given to fourth-year students of translation at the English Department, Hanoi University of Foreign Studies. A large number of them do not provide satisfactory translations. No. English She is a beautiful dancer. A woman with a baby in her arms. He was a failure in art. Vietnamese Co y la m t vu cong gi i. M t ph n v i m t em be trong tay. Ong y la m t th t b i trong ngh thu t. Suggested Vietnamese version 1. 2. 3. Co ta khieu vu M t ph n tren tay. Ong y a th t b i trong ngh thu t. p l m. m em be Table 2.
4: Replacements of parts of speech In the first example, because the translator does not change the part of speech, she must use the word “gi i” instead of “ p” (beautiful) to avoid misunderstanding. If she changed the part of speech of the noun “dancer” like in the suggested version, the problem would be easily solved. The noun in Sentence (1) is replaced with a verb, and so is the preposition in Sentence (2).
Obviously, the translations (second column) sound unnatural while, with a little adjustment, the suggested ones (third column) are much more Vietnamese. 19
To enhance the effectiveness of his translation, a translator should definitely try to escape the prison of the source language towards a more target-languageoriented translation. Only in this way will the Vietnamese language regain its purity and Vietnamese readers no longer have to encounter such unnatural expressions like “thu nh nh t la loai doi n t Thai Lan” instead of “thu nh nh t la loai doi Thai Lan” or “Ban van hoa giao d c n m trong thanh ph n c a qu c h i” instead of “Ban van hoa xa h i tr c thu c qu c h i” as quoted in an article on translation by Bui Vi t B c (2005, para.2).
c.
Plural form Another un-Vietnamese translation occurs when the translator encounters plural nouns in the English text. The Vietnamese people are not as precise as English people in terms of singular and plural forms. In theory, Vietnamese words “cac” and “nh ng” are “used as plural noun markers to convey the notion of plurality” (Frank Trinh, 2002).
But using them automatically, according to Trinh, is ungrammatical to Vietnamese people.
For instance, the sentence “Premature babies usually have breathing problems. ” should not be translated as “Nh ng tr sinh non thu ng g p cac ch ng kho th . ” though it is right in principle. Omission appears to be a good strategy in cases like this. In his article, Bui Vi t B c (2005, para. 2) also cites a Vietnamese writer who uses redundant plural form indicators in his own writing. This can be considered a direct negative impact of carelessness in the practice of translation.
The citation goes: “Nh ng chi c la tren m t canh cay ang t ra rung rinh tru c nh ng con gio. ” In their daily conversation or in their own writing, most Vietnamese people are intuitively aware of this phenomenon; however, when they translate into Vietnamese an English text, people seem to forget about it and stick hard to the use of plurality in the source text.
20 The unnatural translations at word level mentioned above are some but not all of the faults that might make a translation fail to convey the writer’s intention and satisfy the target language readers. To continue with, the thesis will discuss unnaturalness in translation at the phrase level. 2. 2. 1. 2 At phrase level a. Noun phrase Noun phrases tend to be used a lot in written English, especially in formal documents.
Certainly, it is not a habit of Vietnamese language users. So, when encountering a bare word-for-word translation of an English noun phrase, a Vietnamese reader would immediately see it as not having met the criteria of a good translation. Worryingly, this phenomenon occurs frequently not only in students’ translation exercises but also in many translated publications. The fact has it that Vietnamese translators tend to automatically render English nouns into Vietnamese nouns by using markers such as “s ” and “vi c”.
In so doing, there is a risk of not sounding right to a Vietnamese ear (Frank Trinh, 2002), especially when those markers appears repeatedly in a text. The translation of a fourth year student below may serve as an illustration. The original text is: “With real… oil prices having more than tripled since the last recession ended in late 2001, a pullback by the heretofore unflappable American consumers is a distinct possibility that would spell trouble for the rest of the world.
” And the translated version is: “V i vi c gia d u th c t tang hon ba l n k t giai o n suy thoai cu i nam 2001, m t s c n tr c a nh ng ngu i tieu dung M cho n nay v n luon i m tinh la m t kh nang ro r t cho vi c cac nu c khac tren th gi i cung g p ph i kho khan. ” 21 This translator is not skillful enough to avoid using too many Englishsounding noun phrases. Most readers in this case cannot understand what the sentence conveys without much effort. Comparing the two Vietnamese versions of an English sentence: “Toi xin l i vi s tr l i ch m c a toi. ” and “Toi xin l i vi tr l i anh ch m.
” we can say the former translation is too foreign to Vietnamese people and somehow wordy while the latter is much more natural and familiar. This is because in the first sentence the translator used the word-for-word rendering of the English noun phrase “my delayed response” whereas the second sentence has suitable adjustments. Another cumbersome translation of English noun phrases is presented below. The English version is extracted from the novel The Da Vinci Code (Brown, 2003) and the translation is the published Vietnamese version by a renowned professional translator.
