Soccer is the most popular sport worldwide. The Federation Internationale de Football Association represents 203 countries including more than 200 million licensed participants. (9) The Union des Associations Europeennes de Football represents 49 European nations with approximately 20 million participants, and the German Soccer Association listed 6.25 million participants in 2000. (6,28) These statistics do not include players who play soccer on an unorganized basis.
No other discrete movement in football is as spectacular as the gesture known as the bicycle kick: when a player kicks the ball in mid-air backwards and over his own head. Many players have tried it; some of them have succeeded but few have performed a perfect one. A perfect bicycle kick is a rare event, even in the World Cup it is not guaranteed that one will witness a bicycle kick for it encompasses movement of the entire body, requiring the perfect synchronization of major muscles and joints requiring strength, agility and flexibility.
1. Identify and describe the major muscles, joints and actions of the joints used to perform this movement skill and how they influence the way the body moves.
In order to achieve a thorough analysis of all the major muscles, joints and actions of the joints used to perform the bicycle kick, the movement is divided into its three phases and the individual movements performed in order to bring about each phase of the skill.
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THE JUMP- In which the kicking leg is left on the ground while the non-kicking leg is used to propel body upwards.
I. The Jump off the ground achieved through the Dorsiflexion of the ankle and tarsal joints originated by the Tibia and powered by Tibalis Anterior as the agonist and Soleus as the antagonist.
II. Straightening of the knee of the non- kicking leg done through extension of knee originated at the Iliac Crest palpitated through the Quadriceps.
III. Upward lift of thigh followed through by the lower leg. Firstly it is the extension of the thigh by the agonist Hamstrings and antagonist Quadriceps at the hip joint and originated at the Ishium and femur. As the extension of the thigh continues, it is also powered by the Gluteus Maximus inserted at the femur, pivoted by the hip joint.
FORMATION OF LEGS INTO SCISSORS IN THE AIR- Achieved through the immediate and well timed follow through of the kicking leg to the non- kicking. The movement of the legs will appear of if pedalling a bicycle backwards or a scissor action. The movements described below are all performed simultaneously and in quick motion in order for the movement to be successful.
Formation of legs is initiated by the tilt of body backwards. This extension of the erector spinae (sacrospinalis) which is inserted at the sacrum and performed by the spinal cord.
Head is kept up in order to watch the soccer ball for aim and timing to kick. This elevation of the shoulders and head by the Trapezius inserted into the neck cord at the scapula and clavicle.
Bringing the kicking leg towards the chest while nearly horizontal in the air. Extension of the thigh by the agonist Hamstrings and antagonist Quadriceps at the hip joint , originated at the Ishium and femur. As the extension of the thigh continues, it is also powered by the Gluteus Maximus inserted at the femur, pivoted by the hip joint.
The non-kicking leg is brought down while the kicking leg is moving up. The flexion of the hip by the Quadriceps as the agonist and the Gluteus Maximus as the antagonist. There is flexion at the knee by the Gastrocnemius inserted at the posterior heel bone.
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THE KICK- The follow-through of kicking the ball in the air during the bicycle move.
I. At precise timing to the incoming ball (able to be monitored due to the tilted head) the calf of the kicking leg is extended. This extension of the lower leg by the Quadriceps at the hip joint, inserted at the proximal end of the tibia and patella.
II. To make contact with the ball, the toes are pulled back to the ankle to make a right angle. The dorsiflexion of the ankle by the Tibialis anterior is inserted at the ankle, tarsal and metatarsal.
2. Describe the health and skill related components of physical fitness that are relevant to the performance of this skill.
Physical fitness is multifaceted and involves both skill-related and health-related components. The skill-related components of fitness (speed, power, agility, balance, reaction time, and coordination) are primarily important in achieving success in athletics and are not as crucial for the development of better health.
Soccer players need a combination of aerobic and anaerobic fitness due to the nature of the game and the fact that there is continuous movement with lots of short bursts of more intense activity. Some positions require higher levels of anaerobic fitness than others, some require more aerobic fitness. A midfield player is required to cover a lot of ground during a game and needs a good aerobic engine. A striker on the other hand requires short bursts of repeated activity and requires more speed and anaerobic fitness.
In order to perform the bicycle kick, there is a number of health and skill related components of physical fitness that are relevant to its success. From Health related components, nearly all the components are relevant to the performance of the bicycle kick, however key components are
MUSCULAR STRENGTH -Muscular strength is the amount of force a muscle can produce with a single maximum effort and this is essential in the performance of the bicycle kick for it is with muscular strength that the body is able to be launched into the air in order to perform the skill. Once in the air the kick requires more strength than a normal kick from the ground due to gravity and the fact the soccer player is in the air.
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FLEXIBILITY- is vital to the performance of the bicycle kick for the bicycle movement in the air and the basis of this entire skill is based on the flexibility of the soccer player. This move is similar to a forward flip in gymnastics and the soccer player must be able to maneuver the legs in the right formation above him in the air. Without flexibility, injuries can easily occur in the performance of this skill.
BODY COMPOSITION-Due to high degree of difficulty of this skill, it is essential for the body composition of the soccer player to be in peak condition. Without the required muscles for strength it is impossible for the body to achieve this move.
Some skill related components of the bicycle kick are:
Agility- The ability to control the body’s movements and to change the body’s direction and position quickly is vital in the accomplishment of the kick for it is extremely difficult to maneuver the legs to the scissor position necessary to kick the ball while in the air.
Coordination- The ability to use two or more body parts together well or to use the senses along with body parts. This component is also extremely important in the achievement of the movement as in takes great coordination to put together the moves while in motion within the air. Also, it is essential the player keeps his attention on the approaching ball as well as coordinating the body to the positions or else it is very easy to miss and the entire attempt would be in vain.
Reaction Time The rate of movement once a person realizes the need to move. This is essential in judging when to perform the skill and as well as the timing to make contact with the ball.
Power The ability to use force with great speed. This is one of the most crucial components to the skill since without this skill it would be impossible to maneuver the body to the necessary height in order to perform the skill. Also power is required when making contact with the ball.
STRENGTH AND POWER TESTS- should be done to determine strength levels and to monitor strength changes in conjunction with training programs. The vertical jump test can be performed to measure leg power which is essential in the bicycle kick.
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Vertical Jump Test (Sargeant Jump)
Description / procedure: the athlete stands side on to a wall and reaches up with the hand closest to the wall. Keeping the feet flat on the ground, the point of the fingertips is marked or recorded. The athlete then stands away from the wall, and jumps vertically as high as possible using both arms and legs to assist in projecting the body upwards. Attempt to touch the wall at the highest point of the jump. The difference in distance between the reach height and the jump height is the score. The best of three attempts is recorded.
Modifications: Jump height can also be measured using a timing mat which measures the time the feet are off the mat. From the time, jump height can be calculated. To be accurate, you must ensure the feet land back on the mat with legs nearly fully extended. Other test modifications are to perform the test with no arm movement (one hand on hip, the other raised above the head) to isolate the leg muscles and reduce the effect of variations in coordination of the arm movements. The test can also be performed off one leg, with a step into the jump, or with a run-up, depending on the relevance to the sport involved.
Scoring: The jump height Jump is usually recorded as the score in distance. The table below provides a ranking scale for adult athletes based on my observations, and will give a general idea of what is a good score.
rating males (cm) females (cm)
excellent > 70 > 60
very good 61-70 51-60
above average 51-60 41-50
average 41-50 31-40
below average 31-40 21-30
poor 21-30 11-20
very poor < 21 < 11
FLEXIBILITY TEST- Good hamstring flexibility is import for football players in the ball kicking skill. It is especially important in the performance of the bicycle kick for the quadriceps and hamstrings are the most commonly used muscles and in most danger of injuries. The sit and reach test can be done for lower back and hamstring flexibility.
Sit and Reach Test
Description / procedure: This test involves sitting on the floor with legs out straight ahead. Feet (shoes off) are placed flat against the box. Both knees are held flat against the floor by the tester. The athlete leans forward slowly as far as possible and holds the greatest stretch for two seconds. Make sure there is no jerky movements and that the fingertips remain level and the legs flat.
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Scoring: The score is recorded as the distance before (negative) or beyond (positive) the toes. Repeat twice and record the best score. The table below gives you a guide for expected scores (in cm) for adults
men women
super > +27 > +30
excellent +17 to +27 +21 to +30
good +6 to +16 +11 to +20
average 0 to +5 +1 to +10
fair -8 to -1 -7 to 0
poor -19 to -9 -14 to -8
very poor < -20 < -15
3. Analyse the skill in order to determine the biomechanical principles that may impact on the efficiency of movement in the performance of this skill.
The video extract viewed in order to determine the biomechanical principles of this skill is of the Brazilian soccer legend Edson Arantes do Nascimento or otherwise known as Pelé, the inventor of this highly complicated soccer move.
The total movement time is estimated about 0.8 seconds: he takes 0.3 s to impulse his body and stays in the air for about 0.5 s. The movement phases of this bicycle kick are:
PHASE ONE- THE JUMP
As Pelé places himself back to the intended direction of the kicked ball and to jump, his centre of gravity (CG), (defined as a point where the resultant of all the weight forces can be considered acting upon), projects a little behind of his impulse foot. This allows him to gain rotational momentum when he applies force on the ground that passes within a certain distance from the CG to jump like in a back somersault.
The product between the applied force and the distance from this force to the point of rotation is called torque or moment of a force. The leg that is going to kick the ball is the leg used to propel the body and is the last one to lose contact with the ground. The other leg goes up rotating around the hip while the kicking leg is still in contact with the ground. At movement initiation, his CG is at a height of 0.92 m and it reaches 1.39 m, a vertical displacement of 0.47 m.
PHASE TWO- THE SCISSORS
Once completely in the air, Pelé, in complete synchrony with the ball trajectory, elevates the leg that is going to hit the ball and moves the other leg in the opposite direction; like the movement of a scissors. While the movement is performed, the head is kept in a very stable posture because he must gaze at the ball.
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To facilitate the rotational movement of the kicking leg at the beginning, he bends the knee of this leg, approximating his limbs to the hip, and fully extends this leg just before the kick to hit the ball as high as possible, like the divers do to rotate faster during a dive. The physical property being altered is called the rotational inertia, the property of a body to resist change in its state of angular movement. The rotational inertia is calculated as the product between the body mass and the squared distance from the body to the centre of rotation.
Decreasing the distances of each segment to the hip joint decreases the total rotational inertia of the lower limb. In the air, the arms stabilize the body position: the arms are kept away from the trunk in the frontal plane to intentionally increase the body’s rotational inertia in the longitudinal direction to diminish any rotational perturbation in this direction, like a circus acrobat walking on a rope with a balancing beam in the hands
PHASE THREE- STRIKING THE BALL
The leg, at high speed, intercepts the ball above the height of a standing person, and changes its movement. Then, for a moment it seems as if his body stops in the air and only the legs rotate around the hip. This phenomenon is due to the movement of other segments of the body that move faster than the trunk: although the entire body CG is in a parabolic trajectory, as predicted by the classical laws of motion, the trunk vertical trajectory (trunk CG) actually slows down in its apex, this illusion effect is well known by the ballet dancers and can be observed in movements such as grand jeté. Pelé hits the ball at a height of about 2.2 m and the speed of the ball after the kick is about 8.9 m/s or 32 km/h; although not a power shot, the kick is faster than if the player would have hit the ball with his head.
During any human movement in the air, although one can change the rotational inertia and angular velocity of each segment as well as of the entire body, the product of these two physical quantities, known as quantity of angular movement or angular momentum, does not change for the entire body due to a fundamental conservation law in mechanics: the angular momentum of a system is constant if the sum of the external torques acting on the system is zero. Pelé seems to violate this law in his bicycle: at the beginning, just after he looses contact with the ground, it seems his body is not rotating and just before the ball striking, his kicking leg presents a lot of angular movement. This apparent violation can be explained if we remember that what is unchanged is the product between angular velocity and rotational inertia and one must look at the angular momentum of all segments to visualize what is happening with the angular momentum of the entire body.
Although the kicking leg has a greater rotational speed, the other leg, rotating in the opposite direction with a lower speed, surprisingly mirrors the angular momentum of the kicking leg such that the sum of the two momentums remains constant during the movement. This happens because the kicking leg is moving closer to the whole body CG than the other leg (meaning a lower rotational inertia for the kicking leg).
The vital component needed is the real scissors in the bicycle kick: the perfect symmetric angular momentum profiles of the legs. The net result during the entire movement in the air is the same: the total angular momentum is constant, with the exception when part of the momentum is transferred to the ball as indicated.
EXTERNAL COMPONENTS
Apart from taking into consideration all of the biomechanical principles involved in order to perform the skill properly, but one most also take into consideration the external components. In the execution of the bicycle kick the ground would be the most important external component to consider. Primarily, this skill would be executed on the soccer playing field composed of grass. Since the entire implementation of the skill begins with the backwards bicycle motion off the ground into the air, it is vital that the performer has a powerful launch of the ground and hence, it is extremely important to consider the state of the ground. Should the grass be wet or muddy from rain it would add a great deal more difficulty as this would make the ground slippery.
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