Chapter 25 Outline: America and the Great War
.Wilson had no experience in international relations .Wilson saw himself as a man of providential destiny who would help create a new world governed by morality and idealism rather than selfish national interests
.Wilson and Bryan developed a diplomatic policy based on pious idealism .During 1913-14 Bryan negotiated some 30 cooling off treaties, under which participating nations pledged not to go to war over any disagreement for a period of 12 months pending discussion
.1876-1910 Profiri Diaz had dominated Mexico as military dictator, but in 1910 popular resentment boiled over into revolt, revolutionaries armies occupied Mexico City and in 1911 Diaz fled .leader of rebellion named Francisco Madero, 1913 his chief of staff Victoriano Huerta assumed power and his henchmen murdered Madero after
.Wilson 1914 removed arms embargo against Mexico in order to help an insurgent faction under Venustiano Caranza of the constitutionalist party .American occupation of Veracruz aroused the opposition of all factions against the Yankee imperialists, and Huerta rallied support against a foreign invasion .Wilson accepted an offer of mediation by the Argentina, Brazil, and Chile powers which proposed the withdrawal of US forces, removal of Huerta, and installation of a provisional govt sympathetic to democratic reforms .Huerta refused to step down but the moral effect of the proposal and the growing strength of his foes soon forced him to leave office
The Essay on Future Invasion Of Mexico
In the past decade, the discussion about Mexico in Washington has changed. The discussion used to focus on Mexico's stability and growth that was provided by their unique one party system. Over the past decade, the Mexican one party governmental system has fallen apart, their economy has severely declined, and violence and corruption have become major problems. The United States can no longer take ...
.US and several Latin American govts recognized Carranza as president of Mexico .All through 1915, the forces of Villa and Carranza attacked each other .Wilson sent John Pershing across border with 11,000 soldiers and 150, national guardsmen, men chased Villa through northern Mexico and had no luck so they were ordered home in 1917 .Carranza then pressed his own war against Villa and in 1917 put through a new liberal constitution
.The dollar diplomacy practiced by the Taft admin had encouraged American bankers to aid debt-plagued govts in Haiti, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua .Wilson kept US marines in Nicaragua to prevent renewed civil war
.1915 W dispatched marines to Haiti after the country experienced 2 successive revolutions and subsequent govt disarray .1916 disorders in Dominican Republic brought US marines to that country
.War struck Europe in summer of 1914, WW1 erupted when Austrian citizen of Serbia who wanted an independent Serbia, assassinated Austrian archduke Franz Ferdinand .Triple Alliance or Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy) .Triple Entente or Allied Powers ( France, Britain, Russia) .When Russia refused to stop its army mobilization, Germany which backed Austria-Hungary, declared war or Russia on Aug 1914 and on Russia’s ally France .Germany then invaded Belgium which brought BG into the war on Aug 4
.Japan declared war on Aug 23 and Turkey entered on the side of Central Powers .Trench warfare
.As trench war along the western front in Belgium and France stalemated, casualties soared and pressure for American intervention increased .July 1st 1916, the 1st day of Battle of Somme 20,000 GB soldiers were killed
.Wilson urged the public to remain neutral, thought and action .more than 1/3 of US were 1st or 2nd generation immigrants .American leaders were pro GB from the outset of the war
.At first the war in Europe brought a slump in American exports and the threat of a depression, but by 1915 the demand for food and supplies generated an economic boom .Wilson began approving short term credit to sustain trade with the desperate Allies ,Wilson removed all restriction and American investors would eventually advance over 2 bill to the Allies before US entered the war and 27 bill to Germany .In a war of attrition, survival depended upon access to supplies and British naval power also counted for a great deal .1914 Declaration of London was signed- reduced the list of contraband trade items and specified that a blockade was legal only when effective just outside an enemy port .GB didn’t want to sign this bc they would lose some of their advantage in sea power, GB gradually extended the list of contraband goods to include all sorts of items formerly excluded
The Research paper on Pre-World War II Germany and What Led to Holocaust
IB Extended EssayThe Special Conditions and Situations in pre-World War II Germany that led to the Creation and Acceptance of the Idea of the HolocaustThe actual word holocaust simply refers to any widespread human disaster. However, The Holocaust has a much more powerful definition. It was the almost complete destruction of the Jews in Europe by Nazi Germany (Encarta). The beginning of the ...
.Nov 1914 GB declared the whole North Sea a war zone, sowed it with mines and ordered neutral ships to submit to searches .March 1915 they announced that they would seize ships carrying goods to Germany
.With the German fleet bottled up by the British blockades, the German govt proclaimed a war zone around the British Isles .the US pronounced the new German submarine policy an indefensible violation of neutral rights and warned that Germany would be held to strict accountability for any destruction of American lives and property
.In response to uproar over the Lusitania, the German govt secretly ordered U-boat captain to avoid sinking large passenger vessels .During early 1916, Wilson’s advisor Colonel House visited London, Paris, and Berlin in an effort to negotiate an end to the war but found neither side was ready to be serious about negotiations .Wilson threatened to break off relations, Germany renewed its pledge (Sussex) that U-boats would torpedo merchant and passenger ships, implied the abandonment of submarine warfare
.After the Lusitania sinking, Wilson asked the War and Navy departments to draft proposals for military expansion and there was a growing demand in the US for a stronger navy and army .1914 National Security League created
..Progressives and pacifists were opposed to defense buildup .National Defense Act 1916- expanded the regular federal army from 90,000 to 440,000 and gave federal funds for summer training camps for civilians
^^ .Naval Construction Act 1916- authorized btwn $500 mill and $600mill for a 3 year expansion program
The Term Paper on East German Germany Reunification West
Die Wende and Reunification Tracy Barrett For nearly forty-five years the now-unified country of Germany was divided into two separate countries, each with its own currency, political system, and social structure. For twenty-eight of those years a physical barrier, the Berlin Wall, enforced the separation of Berlin and stood as a symbol of the separation of Germany into East and West. More than ...
.Legislators wrote into the Revenue Act of 1916 changes that doubled the basic income tax rate from 1 to 2%, lifted the surtax to minimum of 13% on income over $2 mill, added estate tax and added new tax to excess corporate profits
.Roosevelt’s eagerness for the US to enter war scared many voters .Republicans chose supreme court justice Evan Hughes .Progressives endorsed Hughes and disbanded their party .Democrats chose Wilson, platform endorsed program of social-welfare legislation and prudent military preparedness .Democrat’s most
Popular issue was insistent pledge to keep nation out of war in Europe .Wilson won election
.Wilson’s peace plan would be passed upon the principles of democratic govt, freedom of the seas, and disarmaments, and those ideals must be enforced by an international league for peace established to make another such catastrophe impossible .Impatient German military leaders decided to wage unrestricted submarine warfare on allied shipping .Feb 3, 1917 Wilson told joint session of congress that the US had broken diplomatic relations with Germany .Wilson wanted to arm merchant ships so he decided to outflank congress .March 12, 1917 the State Department announced that a forgotten law of 1792 allowed the arming of merchant ships regardless of congressional inactions .Feb 25 Wilson learned that GB had intercepted a message from German minister Arthur Zimmermann to his ambassador in Mexico .note offered an alliance and financial aid to Mexico in case of war btwn US and Germany .fall of czarist autocracy gave Americans the illusion that all the major Allied powers were not fighting for constitutional democracy .Nov 1917 Bolsheviks seized power in Russia and established a Communist dictatorship
.March 1917 German submarines sank 5 US merchant vessels in North Atlantic .Wilson asked congress to recognize that imperial Germany and the US were at war and this war resolution passed in Senate
.war had been declared but the scope of America’s role in European conflict remained unclear .Americans made 2 important contributions to Allied naval strategy: Allies adopted a system of escorting merchant ships in convoy groups, US navy laid a gigantic minefield across the North Sea which limited U-boat access to North Atlantic
The Essay on Mexican War and the Spanish American War
Both the Mexican War and the Spanish War were a result of unfair treatment against weaker nations. The origins of the Mexican War lay with the United States and its expansionistic policies. Most Americans believed they had a divine right to bring their culture among others, because they were superior. This belief was put forth by Manifest Destiny, which had been circulating around the United ...
.Liberty Loan Act- loaned $5 bill to GB and French .June 26th, 1917 1st contingent US soldiers about 14,500 men commanded by the mediocre general John Pershing disembarked on the French coast .Selective Service Act 1917- men aged 21 to 30 could be drafted for military service .in need, Wilson implemented military draft
.Army Appropriation Act 1916- created a council of national defense which led to creation of other wartime agencies
.Lever Food and Fuel Control Act 1917- created food admin headed by Herbert Hoover .War Industries Board 1917 became most important .WB was headed by Bernard Baruch, the board could allocate raw materials, tell manufacturers what to produce, under construction of new plants, and with the approval of president fix prices
.the closing off of foreign immigration and the movement of 4 mill men from the work force into the armed services created a labor shortage . over 400,000 southern blacks began the great migration northward during the war years, a mass movement that continued unabated through the 1920s and changed the political and social dynamic of northern cities, newcomers were not always welcomes above Mason-Dixon line, killings .women helped organize war- bond and war relief drives, conserved foodstuffs, supported Red Cross, joined army nurse corps .scope of war widened, both govt and industry sought to mobilize women workers for service on farms, loading docks, and railway crews as well as chemical plants .about 1 mill women participated in war work but most of them were young and single and already working outside home .male dominated unions encouraged women to revert of their stereotypical domestic roles after war ended .Wilson decided to endorse women’s suffrage
.the progressive gospel of efficiency suggested mobilizing public opinion .Wilson established Committee on Public Info and he told Wilson that on the idea that the best approach to influencing public opinion was propaganda instead of censorship .Creel organized a propa machine to convey the Allies’ war claims to the people and to the enemy where it might help sap their morale .Creel gathered a remarkable of journalists, photographers, artists, entertainers, and others useful to his purpose
The Essay on Revolutionary War between the American colonies
In 1777, there was a huge turning in the Revolutionary War between the American colonies and Great Britain. After long months of sporadic American wins, the Continental Army delivered a stunning blow to the British army by defeating them at the battle of Saratoga. This crucial win allowed the French, who had been watching the war unfold with keen interest, to finally decide to aid the Americans in ...
.under the Espionage and Sedition Acts, Congress suppressed criticism of govt leaders and war policies
.Espionage Act 1917- impose penalties of up to $10,000 and 20 years in prison for anyone who gave aid to the enemy, who tried to incite insubordination, disloyalty, or refusal of duty in armed services, or who sought to interfere with the war effort .Sedition Act 1918- extended penalties to those who did or said anything to obstruct govt sale of war bonds, or printing anything disloyal, profane, abusive about American form of govt, the Constitution, or the army and navy .Socialists and other radicals were the primary targets of the Espionage and Sedition Acts
.Schneck v US 1919 reaffirmed the conviction of a man for circulating anti draft leaflets among membranes of the armed forces, Supreme Court upheld acts .Abrams v States 1919 the Court upheld conviction of a man who circulated pamphlets opposing American intervention in Russia to oust the Bolsheviks
.all through 1917 the Allied armies remained on the defensive .Bolshevik Revolution overthrew the infant Russian republic and the new govt dropped out of the war .The American war effort thus became a race for France to restore the balance of strength
.1918 Germans began first of several defenses in France and Belgium to try to end war before the Americans arrived in force .turning point for France in the 2nd Battle of Marne .Aug 10th the US first army attacked the Germans at St. Mihiel, the outnumbered Germans pulled back .The great Meuse-Argonne offensive begun on Sept 26 then employed American divisions in a drive toward Sedan and its railroad which supplied the entire German front
.after czar’s abdication the new provisional republican govt succumbed in 1917, a revolution led by Vladimir Lenin and his Bolshevik party .Bolsheviks were a small but determined sect of ruthless ideologues, convinced that they were in the irresistible vanguard of historical change described my Karl Marx .with German troops deep in Russian territory and armies of White Russians organizing resistance to their power, the Bolsheviks concluded a separate peace with Germany, the treaty of Brest-Litovsk on 3/18/1918 .to prevent military supplies from falling into German hands and encourage anti Bolshevik forces in the developing Russian Civil War, Wilson sent American forces into Russia’s Arctic ports .the Allied Intervention in Russia failed bc the Bolsheviks were able to consolidate their power
The Term Paper on How did the civil war effect african americans
Lincoln was reluctant to issue an Emancipation Proclamation but you would have thought from what one is taught in class these days this was his primary concern. He issued the proclamation to save the Union making impossible for foreign Governments to intervene on behalf of the Confederacy. Even though the English supported (indirectly) slavery, they like other countries were officially against the ...
.when an inter-allied conference in Paris late in 1917 failed to agree on a statement of war aims, Colonel House advised Wilson to formulate his own .Wilson developed 14 points, first 5 called for open diplomacy rather than secret treaties, freedom of seas, removal of trade barriers, reduction of armaments and an impartial adjustment of the victors’ colonial claims based upon the desires of population involved .most of the other points dealt with territorial claims: they called on Central Powers to evacuate occupied lands and to allow political self-determination for various nationalities .13 proposed an independent Poland with access to sea .point 14 called for creation of League of Nations to protect global peace .one of 14 points’ aims were to keep Russia in war by stating a more liberal purpose, reassure citizens of Allied Powers that they were involved in noble causes, drive a wedge btwn the govts of Central Powers and their people by offering reasonable peace .German allies dropped out of the wars: Bulgaria, Turkey, and Austria-Hungary .Nov 9 Kaiser abdicated and German republic was proclaimed
.Armistice was signed, under this Germans had to evacuate occupied territories, pull their troops back behind the Rhine River, and surrender their naval fleet and railroad equipment
.Wilson made fateful decision to attend the peace conference that convened in Paris on 1/18/1919, shattered precedent for a pres to leave the country .western farmers complained about the govts control of wheat prices while southern cotton producers rode the wartime inflation .in elections held on Nov 5 a week before the armistice the Democrats lost control of both houses in congress .Wilson further weakened his standing by failing to appoint a prominent Republican to the staff peace of commissioners .Paris Peace Conference was controlled by big 4: prime ministers of GB, France, and Italy, and the president of US
.Article X of charter pledged member nations to impose military and economic sanctions against aggressors
.Its structure would allow each member an equal voice assembly: the big 5 (GB, France, Italy, Japan, US) and other 4 nations would make up the executive council, the admin staff would make up the secretariat; permanent court on international justice could hear and determine any dispute of an international character .2/14/1919 Wilson presented the finished draft of League covenant to Allies and departed for Paris for a visit home .Roosevelt felt that this would revive German militarism and undermine American morale
.Wilson acceded to French demands for territorial concessions and reparations payments by Germany that would keep it weak .decided that Rhineland would be demilitarized zone for 15 years .as result of Great War, 4 long standing multinational empires disintegrated: Russia, A-H, Germany, Ottoman .The Polish Corridor have Poland its much needed outlet to the sea through German territory and the South Tyrol gave Italy a more defensible northern frontier at the Brenner Pass .Wilson accepted a clause in the treaty in which Germany confesses responsibility for the war and thus took responsibility for its entire expense, this war guilt clause offended Germans and made for persistent bitterness .German refused to sign by on June 28, 1919 they finally signed the treaty
.Senator Henry Lodge denounced Versailles Treaty’s foolish scheme as making mankind suddenly virtuous by a state or a written constitution .in Senate group of irreconcilables, 14 Republicans and 2 Democrats refused to join a league of nations on any terms .Lodge proposed set of amendments and Wilson responded by agreeing to interpretive reservations but to nothing that would reopen the negotiations in Europe .Senate adopted 14 Lodge’s reservations most having to do with League of Nations .when congress declared war at end of joint resolution May 20th, 1920 Wilson vetoed the action .July 2nd, 1921 joint congressional resolution ended state war with Germany and A-H .peace treaties were made with these countries Oct 18, 1921
.1919 began with victory parades that soon gave way to widespread labor unrest, race riots, domestic terrors, and govt tyranny .Spanish flu effected many Americans, spread globally .Americans returning from France brought flu, raced through military camps .Life insurance companies nearly went bankrupt, hospitals were besieged, and cemeteries ran out of burial space
.consumer prices continued to rise after the war and discontented workers were more willing to strike for their demands
.an American Fed of Labor campaign to organize steelworkers suffered from charges of radicalism against its leader, Williams Foster, who had joined Socialists in 1900 and later emerged as Communist .steelworkers remained unorganized until the 1930s
.Summer of 1919 also sparked a season of deadly race riots across the nation .whites invaded the black section of TX in search of a teacher who had allegedly accused a white woman of dating a black man .burned shops and houses, ran blacks out of town
.public reaction to the wave of labor strikes and race riots reflected the impact of Bolshevik Revolution
.1919 left-wing members of the Socialist party formed the Communist Party and the short lived Commu Labor party
.April 1919 the post office intercepted nearly 40 homemade letter bombs addressed to prominent citizens
.Govt organized with hunts, 1919 Justice Department decided to deport radical aliens .raid began on Nov 7, 1919 when federal agents swooped down on offices of Union of Russian workers in 12 cities
