stugg
Jireh Johnson
Period 6
1/27/13
AP Human Geography Chapter 7: Ethnicity Notes
Key Issue 1: Where are ethnic groups distributed in the USA?
1. Ethnic indicates nationality
A. Ethnic group – A group of people sharing a common ancestry as well as cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth
1).
Nationality – “To have been born in a particular” and to identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular country
2).
Nationalism – Loyalty and devotion to a nationality
3).
State – An area organized into a political unit and where the government is recognized internationally
4).
Nation-State – Ethnicity and politics coincide – rare, e.g. – Denmark, but Denmark also controls Greenland
B. Many times ethnic groups may be minorities living with larger populations
2. In USA, 2 major ethnic groups are Afro-Americans (12%) and Hispanic (9%)
3. Next largest ethnic groups are Asian-American (3%) and American Indians (1%)
4. Regional clustering of ethnic groups in USA
A. Afro-Americans – SE USA because brought here as slaves
B. Hispanics – SW USA because it is closest to Middle America
C. Asians – Alaska and Hawaii – also closest to homelands
D. American Indians – Alaska, SW USA and Plains because the European Americans drove them off their native lands
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THE ROLE OF SPECIAL INTEREST GROUPS IN AMERICAN POLITICS Like political parties, pressure groups can be considered another system that connects the citizen more directly to government. However, at the same instant there are marked differences in both composition and function that define interest groups as different entities from larger political parties. According to V. O. Key Jr. in a composition ...
5. Ethnic groups tend to cluster in cities also
A. Detroit, Michigan is 76% Afro-American, but Michigan is only 6% Afro-American
B. Ethnic groups also tend to cluster in neighborhoods
1).
Many neighborhoods originally built by European immigrants
2).
In some areas different ethnic groups living close together causes conflict
6. African – Americans
A. 3 major migration patterns
1).
18th century – Africans brought in as slaves
a).
First slaves came to Jamestown, VA on a Dutch ship in 1619
b).
First slaves were captured and sold by Africans
c).
First half of 18th century, 400,000 Africans shipped sent to US colonies; between 1710-1810, 10 million Africans shipped to Western Hemisphere
d).
US ban slave trade in 1808, but 250,000 brought in illegally
2).
Slave trade triangle:
a).
Ships left Europe with cloth, etc.
b).
Sold goods to Africans and bought slaves
c).
Slaves sent primarily to Caribbean Islands and traded for sugar and molasses
3).
Most US slaves “worked” in South on cotton and tobacco plantations
4).
Civil War in 1861-1865 – in part over slavery
5).
Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 freed slaves
6).
13th Amendment outlawed slavery
7).
Many freed slaves became sharecroppers:
a).
Rented fields from landowners
b).
Paid landowners a share of the crops as rent
c).
Many blacks could not grow enough to eat
8).
Many Blacks left south for north and west and started second migration wave:
a).
Before and after WWI
b).
After WWII
9).
In north, Blacks filled ghettos – population densities reached 100,000 / sq. mile which lead to third migration wave:
The Essay on Black Slave Owners in the South
As with the accounts by Nichols (1863), when people think of the slavery period in American history, it is normally assumed that the slave owner was white and the slave black. This was true in many cases but the number of free black slave owners was actually higher than most people realize. Black slave owner usually treated family members and friends much better than the other slaves they might ...
a).
Out of ghettos into urban neighborhoods
b).
Occurred in late 20th century
7. Race – Identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor.
A. But genetically, no difference between races
B. Racism – Belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that one race is superior to another
1 “Blacks: in the USA
1).
Remember there is a difference between “Blacks” and African Americans
2).
1896 – US Supreme Court upheld a Louisiana law that said that Blacks and Whites must ride in separate railroad cars
3).
Blacks were separate but equal
4).
Led to “Jim Crow” laws – segregation laws
a).
Blacks had to sit at back of buses
b).
Had separate restrooms
c).
Could not sell property to blacks in certain areas – this also applied to Jews and Roman Catholics
d).
Schools were segregated because neighborhoods were segregated
5).
Segregation laws repealed in 1950s and1960s
6).
In 1954, “Brown vrs. Board of Education in Topeka, KA ruled separate schools for Blacks and Whites unconstitutional
a).
Rather than integrate, Whites fled encouraged by “Blockbusting”
b).
Real estate agents encouraged whites to sell homes cheaply because blacks were moving in
c).
Agents then sold homes to blacks and made large profits
d).
Forced busing started in Charlotte, NC in 1968.
e).
Race riots encouraged by outsiders
f).
Students locked in classrooms, doors taken off all bathrooms
g. But eventually, peace and acceptance
D. Apartheid (“Separateness” – South Africa
1).
Racial discrimination in the 20th century
2).
South Africa’s population:
a).
About 43 million
b).
50% urban
c).
77% Black
d).
13% White
The Term Paper on Pakistan India Relation
The history of South Asia is laden more with the incidents of hostilities than with the memories of friendship. Zooming in, between Pakistan and India, the arch rivals, enmity overrides empathy. At the hostility level, between Pakistan and India, the Cold War era (1947-1991) was a characteristic of at least two full scale wars in 1965 and 1971 while the post-Cold War era experienced only a ...
e).
9% Coloured
f).
GDP about $5000/person
3).
History of South Africa
a).
Already settled when Portuguese arrived in 1400s
b).
First White settlers, Dutch, in 17th century established colonies
c).
Dutch called themselves “Afrikaners”{
d).
British took control in late 18th century
e).
Afrikaners moved north and took over more land occupied by Blacks
f).Afrikaners found world’s largest gold deposit (Witswatersrand); world’s largest platinum deposit (Bushveld); and diamond deposit
g).
Discoveries led to European “invasion” and war with Britain
h).
1902 – Brits. defeated Afrikaners
i).
1910 – Brits. established White controlled Union of South Africa
j).
Afrikaners nationalism grew and formed National Party that regained control of Parliament in 1924 and 1948
4).
History of Apartheid
a).
National Party began Apartheid in 1951
b).
Blacks, still the majority, were relocated to their “homelands” and were given rights to only 13.5% of land in 1936
c) Blacks forced to renounce their citizenship in 1980s
d).
Foreign pressures forced SA government, headed by de Klerk, to end Apartheid in 1990
e).
Black leader, Nelson Mandela, was released from jail after 28 years and was elected President in 1994
f).
“Truth and Reconciliation Committee” headed by Bishop Desmond Tutu, now offers amnesty for those who committed crimes against each other
g).
White crimes against Blacks in the 1990’s include enticing 10 young boys (about 13 yrs.) to join Black rebel forces, putting them in a bus and drugging them, killing them, burning their bodies, and having a picnic while their bodies burned; rape of women; sodomized males; etc.
5).
Apartheid is now being dismantled and crimes against humanity are being forgiven
Key Issue 2: Where have ethnicities been transformed into Nationalists?
A. Nationalists’ conflict – India and Pakistan
1. India gained freedom from Britain in 1947 and was partitioned into East and West Pakistan (Muslim) and India (Hindu) – Immediately war erupted between India and Pakistan
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India-Pakistan Nuclear Threat In May 1998, India carried out five nuclear tests and formally declared itself a "nuclear weapon state" (NWS). This dramatic move stunned the world and immediately triggered a new round of the nuclear arms race in South Asia. India's archenemy, Pakistan, responded by setting off six announced nuclear tests just two weeks later. The nuclear crisis in South Asia was ...
2. Territories of Kashmir and Jammu could join either country
3. Kashmir and Jammu wanted independence
4. 1965 Kashmir troops from West Pakistan invaded India; (East and West Pakistan separated by India by more than 1000 miles)
5. 1971 – Civil war erupted between East, West Pakistan and India
6. India aided East Pakistan and East Pakistan became Bangladesh
7. West Pakistanis retaliated by invading Kashmir and Jammu
8. 1988 – Kashmir revolt against Pakistanis
9. 1991 – Indian troops fire on Kashmir dissidents
10. 1992 – Pakistanis troupes shoot at Kashmir dissidents
11. 1997 – India and Pakistan exchange fire
12. 1998 – Pakistan and India detonated nuclear weapons
B. Rival of ethnic identity – Russia
1. Communists Russia discouraged ethnic identities
a).
Russian language became official language
b).
Artists and writers pressured to conform to a style called “socialist reform”
2).
After collapse of USSR in 1991, resurgence in nationalism which, in some cases, led to ethnic cleansing
Key Issue 3 – Why do ethnicities clash?
A. Competition to see who dominates nationality particularly in multi-ethnic and multi-national states
Key Issue 4 – Why does ethnic cleansing occur?
A. Ethnic cleansing – the desire to kill or remove every man, woman, and child of one ethnic group
1).
Bosnian Serbs (Orthodox Christians) against Bosnian Muslims in former Yugoslavia
2).
Serbia established as an independent kingdom in 13th century
3).
Serbia gained control of Montenegro in 14th century
4).
Ottoman Turks conquered Serbia in 1389, but Serbs rebelled
5).
1878 Turkey recognizes Serbia as independent
6).
New state proposed that would unite Slovenes, Serbs, Croats, and other Slavic people, but area remained fractured
7).
A Slavic terrorist who wanted a homeland assassinated heir to Austro-Hungarian Empire and started WWI
8).
After WWI, Kingdom of Croats, Serbs, and Slovenes created
The Term Paper on Conflict In Kosovo Ethnic Albania
... a survey of 500 households of Serbs who had migrated to inner Serbia from Kosovo. Many of the people interviewed thought ... example of India and Pakistan, which recently traded heavy mortar and artillery fire along the Kashmir border after their leaders ... (10) Similarly, historian Richard West notes that while ethnic Albanians from Kosovo were "always ready to tell sympathetic journalists an ...
9).
Serbs dominated Kingdom and others resented it
10).
1929 Country of Yugoslavia created
11).
Germany invaded Yugo. in 1941 and Yugo. divided between Germany and its Allies. Only Croatia remained independent
12).
During WWII, Serbs, Jews, and Gypsies were persecuted by both Croats and Germans
13).
More than 1.5 million Yugo. died in WWII
14).
After WWII, Josip Tito became Communist leader of Yugoslavia
15).
Yugo. divided into 6 republics which eventually became 6 independent countries after death of Tito:
a).
Serbia
b).
Croatia
c).
Slovenia
d).
Bosnia and Herzegovina
e).
Macedonia
f).
Montenegro
and two self-governing provinces both within Serbia:
a).
Kosovo
b).
Vojvodina
16).
Serbs consider Kosovo to be their homeland although most inhabitants are Albanians
a).
Serbs had defeated Ottoman Turks in Kosovo in 1389
b).
After WWII, Kosovo Albanians were prosecuted and deported to Turkey
c).
1987 Milosevic began his Serbian nationalism campaign
d).
1989 – State of emergency declared in Kosovo
e).
1990 – Kosovo government dissolved and Kosovo seceded from Serbia
f).
Following Kosovo’s lead, Croatia and Slovenia also declared their independence
g).
1996 – Kosovo Albanians revolted – wanted to either become part of Albania or be independent
h).
Kosovo Liberation Army emerged and was well armed
i).
1998 and 1999 – war in Kosovo – United nations sent troops including US soldiers.
j).
UN calling for resignation of Milosevic – he has not resigned
B. Balkanization – term first used a century ago to describe a small geographic area that could not be organized due to conflicting ethnic groups – term is still applicable to the Balkan Islands today
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Genocide throughout History Throughout the history of mankind, horrific acts of genocide have been committed. The Crusades, the Native American being murdered by the Europeans, the Forced Famine in the Ukraine and the Killing Fields of Cambodia are all examples of genocide (Altman, 55). The word genocide comes from the Greek phrase genes meaning race or tribe and Latin root cide meaning to kill ( ...
