Delhi, known locally as Dilli (Hindi: दिल्ली, Punjabi: ਦਿੱਲੀ, Urdu: دِلّی
dillī), and by the
official name National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT), is the largest metropolis by area and the second-largest metropolis by population in India. It is the eighth largest metropolis in the world by population with more than 12.25 million inhabitants in the territory and with nearly 22.2 million residents in the National Capital Region urban area (which also includes Noida, Gurgaon, Greater Noida, Faridabad and Ghaziabad).[2] The name Delhi is often also used to include some urban areas near the NCT, as well as to refer to New Delhi, the capital of India, which lies within the metropolis. The NCT is a federally administered union territory.
It is the capital of India and its political and cultural center. Located on the banks of the River Yamuna, Delhi has been continuously inhabited since at least the 6th century BCE.[4] After the rise of the Delhi Sultanate, Delhi emerged as a major political, cultural and commercial city along the trade routes between northwest India and the Gangetic plain.[5][6] It is the site of many ancient and medieval monuments, archaeological sites and remains. In 1639, Mughal emperor Shahjahan built a new walled city in Delhi which served as the capital of the Mughal Empire from 1649 to 1857.[7][8]
After the British East India Company had gained control of much of India during the 18th and 19th centuries, Calcutta became the capital both under Company rule and under the British Raj, until George V announced in 1911 that it was to move back to Delhi. A new capital city, New Delhi, was built to the south of the old city during the 1920s.[9] When India gained independence from British rule in 1947, New Delhi was declared its capital and seat of government. As such, New Delhi houses important offices of the federal government, including the Parliament of India, as well as numerous national museums, monuments, and art galleries.
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Owing to the migration of people from across the country, Delhi has grown to be a multicultural, cosmopolitan metropolis. Its rapid development and urbanisation, coupled with the relatively high average income of its population, has transformed Delhi.[10] Today, Delhi is a major cultural, political, and commercial centre of India
GEOGRAPHY
The National Capital Territory of Delhi is spread over an area of 1,484 km2 (573 sq mi) , of which 783 km2 (302 sq mi) is designated rural, and 700 km2 (270 sq mi) urban. Delhi has a maximum length of 51.9 km (32 mi) and the maximum width of 48.48 km (30 mi).
There are three local bodies (statutory towns) namely, Municipal Corporation of Delhi (area is 1,397.3 km2 or 540 sq mi), New Delhi Municipal Committee (42.7 km2 or 16 sq mi) and Delhi Cantonment Board (43 km2 or 17 sq mi).[39]
Delhi is an expansive area, in its extremity it spans from Narela in the north to Badarpur in the south. Najafgarh is the furthest point west, and Seemapuri is its eastern extremity. Places like Shahdara and Bhajanpura are its eastern ends and are one of major shopping centres in Delhi. The NCR encompasses points south and east of the said border, namely Ghaziabad, Noida, Faridabad and Gurgaon.
Oddly, the main expanse of Delhi does not follow a specific geographical feature (for example, converse to London, which centered on the Thames, has its northern limit at its first Hill, Hampstead Heath, and its southern limit at the river, similarly its western limit is the bottom of a basin – Paddington) The main city area of Delhi does not end until Saket in the South, whilst the northern limit is easily Jahangirpuri, and the western limit is easily Janakpuri-Dwarka. The terrain of Delhi shows great variation. It changes from plain agricultural fields in the north to dry, arid hills (an offshoot of the Aravalli Hills of Rajasthan) in the south. There used to be large natural lakes in the southern part of the city, but most of them have dried up due to mining. The river Yamuna separates the eastern Delhi, although there is a good connectivity between the eastern and western sides, with a number of bridges and the Metro. The majority of the city, including New Delhi, lies west of the river.
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CULTURE
Delhi’s culture has been influenced by its lengthy history and historic association as the capital of India. This is exemplified by the many monuments of significance found in the city; the Archaeological Survey of India recognises 1200 heritage buildings[101] and 175 monuments in Delhi as national heritage sites.[102] The Old City is the site where the Mughals and the Turkic rulers constructed several architectural marvels like the Jama Masjid (India’s largest mosque)[103] and Red Fort. Three World Heritage Sites—the Red Fort, Qutab Minar and Humayun’s Tomb—are located in Delhi.[104] Other monuments include the India Gate, the Jantar Mantar (an 18th century astronomical observatory) and the Purana Qila (a 16th century fortress).
The Laxminarayan Temple, Akshardham and the Bahá’í Lotus Temple are examples of modern architecture. Raj Ghat and associated memorials houses memorials of Mahatma Gandhi and other notable personalities. New Delhi houses several government buildings and official residences reminiscent of the British colonial architecture. Important structures include the Rashtrapati Bhavan, the Secretariat, Rajpath, the Parliament of India and Vijay Chowk. Safdarjung’s Tomb is an example of the Mughal gardens style.[citation needed]
EDUCATION
Schools and higher educational institutions in Delhi are administered either by the Directorate of Education, the NCT government, or private organizations. In 2004–05, there were 2,515 primary, 635 middle, 504 secondary and 1,208 senior secondary schools in Delhi. That year, the higher education institutions in the city included 165 colleges, among them five medical colleges and eight engineering colleges,[121] six universities (Delhi University, Jawaharlal Nehru University, Jamia Millia Islamia, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University (GGSIPU), National Law University, Delhi (Official Website), Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) and Jamia Hamdard), and nine deemed universities.[121] Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi and National Law University, Delhi are the only state universities; IGNOU is for open/distance learning; the rest are all central universities. Delhi boasts of being home to 3 of top 10 engineering colleges in India – IIT Delhi, DTU (Formerly DCE) and NSIT (Formerly DIT).
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Climate
See also: Climate of Delhi
Delhi features an atypical version humid subtropical climate, with long very hot summers and brief mild winters. Summers are long and extremely hot, from early April to mid-October, with the monsoon season in between. Early March sees a reversal in the direction of wind, from the north-western direction, to the south-western. These bring the hot waves from Rajasthan, carrying sand and are a characteristic of the Delhi summer. These are called loo. The months of March to May see a time of hot prickling heat. Monsoon arrives at the end of June, bringing some respite from the heat, but increasing humidity at the same time. Winter starts in late November and peaks in January and is notorious for its heavy fog.[45] Extreme temperatures range from −0.6 °C (30.9 °F) to 46.7 °C (116.1 °F).[46] The annual mean temperature is 25 °C (77 °F); monthly mean temperatures range from 13 °C to 32 °C (56 °F to 90 °F).[47] The average annual rainfall is approximately 714 mm (28.1 inches), most of which is during the monsoons in July and August.[12] The average date of the advent of monsoon winds in Delhi is 29 June.[48]
Economy
See also: Gurgaon and Noida
Further information: Economy of India and Economic development in India
Connaught Place, an important economic and cultural center. Delhi registered an economic growth rate of 16% in 2006–07[57]
With an estimated net State Domestic Product (FY 2007) of [[Indian Rupee|.]] 1,182 billion (US$24.5 billion) in nominal terms and . 3,364 billion (US$69.8 billion) in PPP terms,[57][58] Delhi is the largest commercial center in northern India.[59] In 2007, Delhi had a per capita income of . 66,728 (US$1,450) at current prices, the third highest in India after and Goa as of 2006-07.[60] The tertiary sector contributes 70.95% of Delhi’s gross SDP followed by secondary and primary sectors with 25.2% and 3.85% contribution respectively.[58] Delhi’s workforce constitutes 32.82% of the population showing an increase of 52.52% between 1991 and 2001.[61] Delhi’s unemployment rate decreased from 12.57% in 1999–2000 to 4.63% in 2003.[61] In December 2004, 636,000 people were registered with various employment exchange programmes in Delhi
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