Bolivia Bolivia is one of many countries in South America. Though it seems to be one of the poorest countries, but it has rich culture and traditions. Mysterious ancient civilizations lived there, and till nowadays native people cherish their customs. The country is landlocked, and almost 20 per cent of land is desert. But there are a large area, which is covered with forests, pastures and meadows. Bolivia is traditionally divided into three geographic zones: the mountains in the west, the semitropical with picturesque valleys of the eastern mountain slopes, and the tropical lowlands or plains in the east. The climate of the country changes from tropical to chilly conditions on windswept. Bolivia was named after a fighter for independence Simon Bolivar.
He fought against Spanish rule. The capital of Bolivia is La Paz. At present the country is a reflection of pre-Columbian and colonial heritages. On the territory of Bolivia the first great Empire (Andean) was established; and even now the native people widely used the language of the Aymara kingdom. The main part of its population is Indian and rural, thats why only a small part speaks Spanish. But Spain has still an impact on the political, economic, and social spheres of the country.
It is because Bolivia was a colony of Spain during 300 years, and Spain controlled all inner and outer events in the country. Spain had the successful administration of the colony, thats why it governed Bolivia for a long time. Spain could control the independent thinking people. Its main goal was to put down opposition and collect tribute from the native population. Soon Spain created an bureaucracy in the New World for controlling not only oppression, but each other. For many years Bolivia fought for its independence, and only in 1825 the country received it. But political instability became even worse.
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Three first presidents attempted to provide some reforms, but the measures did not make the situation better: for a long time the economy could not recover from the after-effect of the revolution. Only the War of the Pacific (1879-80) brought relative political stability. The War played an important role in the foundation of Bolivian economy: it started mineral exportation. It is still the main source of wealth in the Bolivian economy. During 1932-1935 the new wave of wars involved the country. They were given a name The Chaco War. As a result the War returned military regime to politics.
The military government made some attempts to provide several reforms and to set up “military socialism”. It was proposed that the new form of government would combine the control of the country’s natural resources and social justice. The first step was made in 1937. The Standard Oil holdings was nationalized. The next political turning point was made by the Government in 1952. The three great mining companies were nationalized.
Since that period of time the process of democratization has been increasing, though it did not have any impact on the Indians. Only in 1982 the first democratic civilian rule was established. All political changes influenced Bolivian economic changes greatly. The Spanish replaced Inca economic system, which was based on agriculture, to a system, used in the country. There were other changes after the war for independence. They led to the distribution of land, legislation of economic system, but it did not improve the situation with economic position of Indian majority.
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At the end of the 19th century a new direction in economy appeared. It was tin mining. But the real boom of tin mining had in the early twentieth century. It was connected with the invention of the vacuum-packed tin can, and the rise of automobile industry. New lines of industry demand for tin. And for many years Bolivia dominated in tin-mining industry. During the period from the 1970s to 1978 it was said about Bolivia’s “economic miracle”.
It was provoked with political instability and became a forerunner of Bolivia’s New Economic Policy (Nueva Politica Economica–NPE), which came into existence in 1985. It is necessary to say that all attempts of the countrys producers to compete with international products failed. As a result Bolivia’s trade was increasingly integrated into Latin American economy. As it was said in the beginning, Bolivia is not a highly-developed industrial country, but it is rich in its culture and traditions. For a long time the territory of modern Bolivia was inhabited with ethnically diverse population. The Aymara tribes moved often within the boundaries of Inca empire.
The Spanish established quite different relationships inside the country. It was a society, in which white people controlled and ruled Indians. It was proposed to establish mutually beneficial relationships, but they made colonization effort with gathering tribute and bad attitude towards native people. It provoked discontent and struggle for independence of Indians. The other side of the problem connected with religion. Indian reaction on Christianity was different.
Many of them broke with their traditions. They adopted Christianity. Others cherished their traditions, and it resulted long-standing struggle against the white rulers. It should be said that there is no pure Indian religion, which was originally based on Incan religion. But they continue to worship under the local Indian rules. Though Christianity influenced the local religion greatly. As the result, a new branch (folk-Catholicism) appeared. For a long period of Spanish government, a new nationality was born – the criollos.
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They are persons of pure Spanish descent born in the New World. They took an active part in the economy, especially in mining and agricultural production. Nowadays native people of Bolivia lived in poverty. They have faced a lot of problems, connected with social inequality, economic and cultural crisis. The main goals in development of the country should include attraction of foreign investment and strengthening the educational system.
Bibliography:
Nystrom, Andrew. Bolivia. 5th Edition, 2004.
A Country Study: Bolivia. The Library of Congress, 2005. boliviabiz.com Bolivia net.com.
