Introduction
Chapter 3, “Capacitance,” contains laboratory experiments designed to explore the relationship between voltage and the amount of charge stored in an object. These experiments involve measuring electrical properties of capacitors in series, in parallel, while charging, discharging, and at varying widths between the surfaces. Hands-on experience and resulting data should provide insight into the nature of capacitance.
Theory
In order to charge an object, a certain amount of energy is required to transfer charge to that object. The energy per unit of charge is called voltage. Given a certain voltage, charge can be transferred to an object until the amount of energy that is required to add more charge exceeds the energy potential. A derived unit is useful for expressing the capacity of charge (in Coulombs) that can be transferred to an object per unit of voltage (in Volts).
Therefore, a unit of capacitance called the Farad exists, and is defined as C = Q/V.
A capacitor comprised of two parallel surfaces will have a capacitance equal to
8.85 ρF/m, times the area of one of the plates, divided by the distance between them. When sharing the charge applied to one capacitor with a second capacitor, charge is conserved, therefore Vf * (C1 + C2) = Vi * C1. When discharging a capacitor through a resistor, V(t) = V0 * e-t/RC. When charging a capacitor through a resistor, V(t) = Vf – Vf * e-t/RC.
The Essay on What are the forms of energy
Energy comes in two basic forms: potential and kinetic. Potential Energy – is any type of stored energy; it is not shown through movement. Potential energy can be chemical, nuclear, gravitational, or mechanical. -Kinetic energy is the work required to accelerate an object to a given speed. -A function of the position of an object within a field. * Chemical energy is stored in the bonds ...
Experiments
3.5.2: Charging a Capacitor
This experiment required a 9V battery, a voltmeter, and voltage a follower that were assembled in this way: The battery and voltage follower ground contacts were connected to the volt meter ground, while the voltage follower output was connected to the positive terminal of the volt meter. To measure the voltage across the 0.033 μF capacitor, I connected one end of the capacitor to the positive lead from the voltage follower, and connected the other end to the ground.
To charge the capacitor, I touched the positive probe from the 9V battery to the ungrounded side of the capacitor. The voltmeter displayed 8.90 V after removing the battery probe. Therefore, the charge on the capacitor was 0.033 μF * 8.90 V = 0.294 μC.
3.6.1: Measuring Unknown Capacitance
This experiment was the same as the previous one, except that after the capacitor was charged, a second one was connected to it in parallel. When I connected the second capacitor, the measured voltage dropped to 6.87 V. So, theoretically, the capacitance of the second capacitor was C2 = C1Vi/Vf – C1 = 0.033 μF * 8.90 V / 6.87 V – 0.033 μF = 0.00975 μF. The second capacitor was actually rated at 0.01 μF, and the voltmeter was precise enough to measure the drop in voltage accurately within (0.00975 – 0.01) / 0.01 = -2.49%. Such small error could have been caused by the multi-meter or irregularities of the capacitors themselves.
I repeated the experiment using one capacitor of unknown rating, and one of 0.033 μF. The voltage dropped this time to 8.24 V, which was unsatisfactory. Repeating again with a 0.0033 μF capacitor, the voltage read 5.43 V. This greater change in V indicated that the capacitances were of the same order of magnitude, allowing for greater accuracy in the following calculations. C1 = 0.0033 μF and Vf = 5.43 V. So, C2 = 0.0033 μF * 8.90 V / 5.43 V – 0.0033 μF = 0.00211 μF.
3.6.2: Variable-Gap Capacitor
This experiment measured the capacitance between two parallel plates that were connected directly to a capacitance meter. The distance between the plates was increased at prescribed intervals, and I recorded the capacitance for each interval. (See page 10 for these data.)
The Essay on Circuits Experiment
1. Describe the type of meter movement used in analog meters. The current in the circuit is used in basic meters to measure the voltage drop or current in the circuit. The current passes through the coils of wires, which is then magnetized. Inside the apparatus, there is also a permanent magnet which opposes the magnetic field of the magnetized coil of wire that is connected to the pointer ...
Data from the variable width capacitor experiment were graphed on log-log scales. The resulting scatter plot was very linear in shape. (See page 7.) To find the slope of this line, I divided the difference between the capacitance and distance coordinates after taking the log of each. I selected two points that fell exactly on the trend line, and used those points to find an equation for the line.
Point One = (log[2.4], log[13]) = (0.380, 1.114)
Point Two = (log[0.3], log[101]) = (-0.523, 2.004)
Slope = m = [(1.114 – 2.004) / (0.380 + 0.523)] = -0.9859
Using the general form of a line where the axes are labeled ‘x’ and ‘y’, ‘m’ is the slope, and ‘b’ is a constant equal to the y-intercept:
y = (m)(x) + b
log C = (m)(log d) + b
log C = (-0.9859)(log d) +b
Substituting the coordinates of Point Two where ‘C’ is the capacitance and ‘d’ is the distance between the plates:
2.004 = (-0.9859)(-0.523) + b
b = 1.4888
So, an equation for the trend line is:
log C = (-0.9859)(log d) + 1.4888
To compare this result with the current capacitance theory, I had to manipulate equation 3.2 so that it was in the form of y = mx + b.
C = kε0A/d
‘k’ is equal to one, ‘ε0′ equals 8.85 ρF/m, and ‘A’ is the surface area of one of the capacitor’s disks. For consistency with lab measurements, I converted all of the lengths to centimeters and all of the capacitances to picofarads. So, using ε0 = 8.85 * 10-2 pF/cm, and r = 10 cm;
C = ε0A/d
log C = log(ε0A) – log(d)
log C = log(8.85 * 10-2 * 102 * π) – log(d)
log C = (-1.0000)(log d) + 1.4441
Finally, this equation is comparable to my own, and illustrates a small margin of error.
