CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this project is submitted by SHREYAS KELKAR to the chemistry department, KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO. 1, INDORE was carried out by him under the guidance and supervision of MRS. SANGITA SHELKE during academic session 2012-2013. Date:
MRS. SANGITA SHELKE
(Chemistry teacher)
External Examiner:-
Internal Examiner:-
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to MRS. SANGITA SHELKE, KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO. 1 for her encouragement and for all the facilities that she provided for this project work. With her help I’m able to carry on this project for which I shall remain indebted to her. I extend my hearty thanks to MRS. SANGITA SHELKE, Chemistry Teacher who guided me to do this project successful completion of this project. I take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude for her invaluable guidance, constant encouragement, constructive comments, sympathetic attitude and immense motivation which has sustained my effort at all stages of this project work.
SHREYAS KELKAR
DECLARATION
I do hereby declare that this project work has been originally carried under the guidance and supervision of MRS. SANGITA SHELKE, KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA NO.1, INDORE SHREYAS KELKAR
OBJECTIVE
To compare the rate of fermentation of the given samples of wheat flour, gram flour, rice flour and potatoes. I became interested in this idea when I saw some experiments on fermentation and wanted to find out some scientific facts about fermentation. The primary benefit of fermentation is the conversion of sugars and other carbohydrates, e.g., converting juice into wine, grains into beer, carbohydrates into carbon dioxide to leaven bread, and sugars in vegetables into preservative organic acids.
The Business plan on Project planning and evaluation
Before anyone is going to do something, there is nothing as sensible as planning. A plan as we know is something thought about and chalked out in advance before the real action takes place and is actually a recipe for success. But then, the word ‘plan’ does not need much of a definition. It has been used so much that it has become quite hackneyed. So, we all know what it means, but how ...
Introduction
Fermentation typically is the conversion of carbohydrates to alcohols and carbon dioxide or organic acids using yeasts, bacteria, or a combination thereof, under anaerobic conditions. A more restricted definition of fermentation is the chemical conversion of sugars into ethanol. The science of fermentation is known as zymology. Fermentation usually implies that the action of micro-organisms is desirable, and the process is used to produce alcoholic beverages such as wine, beer, and cider.
Fermentation is also employed in preservation techniques to create lactic acid in sour foods such as sauerkraut, dry sausages, kimchi and yoghurt, or vinegar for use in pickling foods.
History
Since fruits ferment naturally, fermentation precedes human history. Since ancient times, however, humans have been controlling the fermentation process. The earliest evidence of wine making dates from eight thousand years ago in Georgia, in the Caucasus area. Seven thousand years ago jars containing the remains of wine have been excavated in the Zagros Mountains in Iran, which are now on display at the University of Pennsylvania. There is strong evidence that people were fermenting beverages in Babylon circa 5000 BC, ancient Egypt circa 3150 BC, pre-Hispanic Mexico circa 2000 BC, and Sudan circa 1500 BC. There is also evidence of leavened bread in ancient Egypt circa1500 BC and of milk fermentation in Babylon circa 3000 BC. French chemist Louis Pasteur was the first known zymologist, when in 1854 he connected yeast to fermentation. Pasteur originally defined fermentation as “respiration without air”. Contributions to biochemistry
When studying the fermentation of sugar to alcohol by Yeast Louis Pasteur concluded that the fermentation was catalyzed by a vital force, called “ferments,” within the yeast cells. The “ferments” were thought to function only within living organisms. “Alcoholic fermentation is an act co-related with the life and organization of the yeast cells, not with the death or putrefaction of the cells, “he wrote. Nevertheless, it was known that yeast extracts ferment sugar even in the absence of living yeast cells. While studying this process in 1897, Eduard Buchner of Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany, found that sugar was fermented even when there were no living yeast cells in the mixture, by a yeast secretion that he termed zymase. In 1907 he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research and discovery of “cell-free fermentation.”One year prior, in 1906, ethanol fermentation studies led to the early discovery of NAD+. Uses
The Essay on Bottles Together With A Rubber Fermentation Solution Yeast
What causes moldy bread and foods? How can you stop it? If you understand what fermentation is and how yeast survive you can answer these questions. Fermentation is the conversion of pyr uvic acid into other compounds such as lactic acid or ethyl alcohol. Fermentation occurs when cells do not have oxygen. Some Organisms that use fermentation are fungi and bacteria. Yeast are a type of fungus that ...
Food fermentation has been said to serve five main purposes: # Enrichment of the diet through development of a diversity of flavors, aromas, and textures in food substrates # Preservation of substantial amounts of food through lactic acid, alcohol, acetic acid and alkaline fermentations # Biological enrichment of food substrates with protein, essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, and vitamins # Elimination of ant nutrients.
# A decrease in cooking times and fuel requirements
Risks of consuming fermented foods
Food that is improperly fermented has a notable risk of exposing the eater to botulism. Alaska has witnessed a steady increase of cases of botulism since 1985. Despite its small population, it has more cases of botulism than any other state in the United States of America. This is caused by the traditional Eskimo practice of allowing animal products such as whole fish, fish heads, walrus, sea lion and whale flippers, beaver tails, seal oil, birds, etc., to ferment for an extended period of time before being consumed. The risk is accelerated when a plastic container is used for this purpose instead of the old-fashioned method, grass-lined hole, as the botulinum bacteria thrive in the anaerobic conditions created by the air-tight enclosure in plastic.
Safety of Fermented Foods
Fermented foods generally have a very good safety record even in the developing world where the foods are manufactured by people without training in microbiology or chemistry in unhygienic, contaminated environments. They are consumed by hundreds of millions of people every day in both the developed and the developing world. And they have an excellent safety record. What is there about fermented foods that contributes to safety? While fermented foods are themselves generally safe, it should be noted that fermented foods by themselves do not solve the problems of contaminated drinking water, environments heavily contaminated with human waste, improper personal hygiene in food handlers, flies carrying disease organisms, unfermented foods carrying food poisoning or human pathogens and unfermented foods, even when cooked if handled or stored improperly. Also improperly fermented foods can be unsafe. However, application of the principles that lead to the safety of fermented foods could lead to an improvement in the overall quality and the nutritional value of the food supply, reduction of nutritional diseases and greater resistance to intestinal and other diseases in infants.
The Essay on Fast Food Contain Harmful Food Additives
In America, fast food chains are a significant symbol of the American traditional food trends which expand widely and grow fast all over the world. Thus, a large number of Americans eat fast food as their daily diet. However, these tasty fast foods are highly processed foods which are filled with plenty of chemicals, additives and preservatives. By adding these additives and artificial flavorings ...
Theory
Wheat flour, gram flour, rice flour and potatoes contains starch as the major constituent. Starch present in these food materials is first brought into solution in the presence of enzyme diastase, starch undergo fermentation to give maltose. Starch gives blue-violet color with iodine whereas product of fermentation starch do not give any characteristic color. When the fermentation is complete the reaction mixture stops giving blue-violet colour with iodine solution.
By comparing the time required for completion of fermentation of equal amounts of different substances containing starch the rates of fermentation can be compared. The enzyme diastase is obtained by germination of moist barley seeds in dark at 15 degree celsius. When the germination is complete the temperature is raised to 60 degree celsius to stop further growth. The seeds are crushed into water and filtered. The filtrate contains enzyme diastase and is called malt extract.
APPARATUS NEEDED
# Conical flask
# Test tube
# Funnel
# Filter paper
# Water bath
# 1 % Iodine solution
# Yeast
# Wheat flour
# Gram flour
# Rice flour
# Potato
# Aqueous NaCl solution
PROCEDURE
# Take 5 gms of wheat flour in 100 ml conical flask and add 30 ml of distilled water.
The Essay on Determine The Macromolecules Present In An Unknown Solution
Every living thing is dependent on large complex molecules, known as macromolecules. The objective of this lab was to correctly identify which macromolecules the unknown solution was comprised of using various substances as experimental controls. There are four major types of biological macromolecules – carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids – made up of elements such as ...
# Boil the contents of the flask for about 5 minutes
# Filter the above contents after cooling, the filtrate obtained is wheat flour extract.
# To the wheat flour extract. taken in a conical flask. Add 5 ml of 1% aq. NaCl solution.
# Keep this flask in a water bath maintained at a temperature of 50-60 degree celsius. Add 2 ml of malt extract.
# After 2 minutes take 2 drops of the reaction mixture and add to diluted iodine solution.
# Repeat step 6 after every 2 minutes. When no bluish colour is produced the fermentation is complete.
# Record the total time taken for completion of fermentation.
# Repeat the experiment with gram flour extract, rice flour extract, potato extract and record the observations
OBSERVATIONS
Time required for the fermentation—-
# Wheat flour — 10 hours
# Gram flour — 12.5 hours
# Rice flour — 15 hours
# Potato — 13 hours
Conclusion
Rice flour takes maximum time for fermentation and wheat flour takes the minimum time for fermentation.
Bibliography
# Wikipedia-the free encyclopedia
# Chemistry manual
