Coherence and Unity are related, but they are not the same thing. You may have a unified paragraph in which all the sentences are relevant to the controlling idea of the topic sentence, but it may leave your reader somewhat confused. Somehow, the paragraph lacks smoothness and clarity – the ideas are mixed up, the sentences are not clearly and logically related, the writing has no rhythm. In short, the paragraph lacks coherence.
There are three devices that will help us to achieve coherence in our writing. They are:
* TRANSITIONAL WORDS AND PHRASES THAT SHOW SPECIFIC KINDS OF RELATIONSHIPS
Transitional words and phrases signal specific kinds of relationships between the words in sentences, between sentences in a paragraph and between paragraphs in a composition.
Here are some of the more common transitional words and phrases and the relationships they show: a. To show addition: and, also, again, as well as, besides, moreover, furthermore, in addition, likewise, both – and not only – but also b. To show concession: although, though, even though, even if, granted that c. To show time: once, before, after, afterwards, always, at once, as soon as, eventually, to begin with, first (second, third), in the meantime, in the past (future) later, then, next, until, at last, finally, from that time on, since then d. To show place: in front of, on the other side, behind, inside, outside, nearby, next to, opposite, beyond, below, under, at this point e.
The Term Paper on Represented Speech Sentence Means Word
Different syntactical phenomena may serve as an expressive stylistic means. Its expressive effect may be based on the absence of logically required components of speech - parts of the sentence, formal words or on the other hand on a superabundance of components of speech; they may be founded on an unusual order of components of speech, the change of meaning of syntactical constructions and other ...
To show a result or indicate a conclusion: as a result, for this reason, consequently, accordingly, therefore, thus, hence, then f. To compare: similarly, in the same way, in like manner g. To contrast: but, even so, in contrast, in spite of, nevertheless, on the other hand, on the contrary, otherwise, yet h. To illustrate or explain: for example, for instance, take the case of, namely, specifically, in particularly, such as, that is, to illustrate i. To emphasize: indeed, in fact, specifically, above all, to be sure, of course, unquestionably, most important, certainly, undoubtedly j. To summarize: in brief, in other words, in short, as has been said on the whole, to sum up
* TRANSITIONAL DEVICES THAT LOOK BACK OR POINT FORWARD
* Pronoun reference means the relationship of a pronoun and its antecedent. When you mention a particular item repeatedly, you use a pronoun instead of naming that item again. The pronouns you use may be either personal (he, she, it…), demonstrative (this, that, those…) or relative (who, whom, which…).
Example:
Taha Mama is one of about 500 teachers from minority groups in Mindanao who have decided to serve in remote areas where many have refused to go.
* Substitution is another device used to link ideas in the same sentence or in different sentences. To avoid repeating a word or group of words, use a substitute. Keep in mind, however, that as a rule the substitute must have the same structural function as that which it replaces. That is, use a noun or a pronoun for a noun, or a verb for a verb. A word or expression may substitute for an entire adjective or adverbial phrase. Among such expressions are here, there, now, then, this way, thus, such, this kind of, the same, to that extent, and to such a degree.
Examples:
1. Nominal or pronoun substitution: A new breed of minority youth are Taha Mama and 500 others. 2. Verbal substitution: Asked if the robbers stole all his clothes, Taha Mama said that they did. 3. Phrasal or clausal substitution: Taha Mama returned to the village to teach. In doing so, he showed his sincerity. * Ellipsis is the omission of a certain word or words. Elliptical structures can be understood and interpreted only in reference to something previously mentioned.
The Review on The Effects of Teacher Certification on Minority Students’ Academic Performance in Secondary Mathematics
Will there be a difference in student achievement when taught by uncertified teachers compared with certified teachers? Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the academic achievements of students on the mathematic state standardize test at the high school level among minority students when taught by certified teachers compared with uncertified teachers. Description of the Community ...
Example:
The teachers from minority groups are graduates of a training program called the Accelerated Teacher Training for Cultural Communities. It is so called because it is an elite two-year training program for teachers from minority groups.
You not only achieve coherence by directing the reader’s attention to something already mentioned but also by pointing forward to coming information. To prepare the reader for such information, you use signal words like as we shall see, the following, such as, later in this unit, on the next page and in the next four pages.
* REPETITION OF OR REFERENCE TO KEY TERMS
Another means of achieving coherence is repeating or referring to key words or phrases. As you develop your paragraph, you have to clarify, explain or rephrase information to keep the important ideas in your reader’s mind. You can do so in four ways:
* The use of repeating:
You can fool some of the people all of the time, and all of the people some of the time, but you cannot fool all of the people all of the time.
* The use of synonyms:
He said that there were still no teachers in the village. This lack of qualified instructors hampered the development of the village.
* The use of derivatives:
He bitterly denounced the inaction of government agencies with regard to the titling of lands in the Negritos’ names. This denunciation was aired to media men investigating the anomaly.
* The use of a general term for a specific key word or a specific term for a general key word:
Already Christianized, the Negrito still maintains traces of the old animism of his ancestors. This belief is very evident in his relation towards nature and towards his fellowmen.