At four minutes past midnight, on March 24, 1989 the Exxon Valdez crashed into the Bligh Reef located in the northeastern part of the Prince William Sound. The ship was loaded with 1, 264, 155 barrels of oil. Approximately one-fifth of the cargo was spilt into the sea, which totaled to 11. 2 million gallons. Due to strong northeastern winds the oil could not be contained, leaving the water into an emulsion that will not burn and is nearly impossible to remove from the surface. Oil continued to move southwest eventually reaching the Alaskan Peninsula.
The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill of 1989 was a significant event, which heightened environmental awareness in both the business and private sectors of the United States. The cause of the spill as determined by the National Transportation Safety Board was ‘the failure of the third mate to maneuver the ship due to fatigue; the failure of the master to provide proper navigation because of excessive alcohol and the failure of Exxon Corporation to provide a sufficient crew for the Exxon Valdez.’ The spill was the largest in United States history. It destroyed over seven hundred miles of beaches along the Alaskan coastline. This caused both state and federal governments to significantly change laws and regulations dealing with oil pollution and heightening environmental awareness. With human error and negligence as the primary causes of the oil spill, environmentalists and the public alike did not consider this an accident but a tragic incident that demanded responsibility and accountability for restoration from the causing parties. On the national level changes were made which heightened environmental awareness as well.
The Essay on The Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
Whats an oil spill ? Oil spills happen when people make mistakes or are careless and cause an oil tanker to leak oil into the ocean. There are a few more ways an oil spill can occur. Equipment breaking down may cause an oil spill. If the equipment breaks down, the tanker may get stuck on shallow land. When they start to drive the tanker again, they can put a hole in the tanker causing it to leak ...
The Oil Pollution Act of 1990 was written and passed which raised liability, set up new prevention measures and a response fund. Exxon was fined millions of dollars as a result of their negligence. First they were fined $150 million, the largest fine ever for an environmental fine. Exxon next agreed to a $100 million dollar fine for wildlife damage. Finally in the civil settlement they agreed to pay $900 million dollars over a 10-year period. By imposing these fines the government wanted to make sure nothing like this would ever happen again.
The U. S. Coast Guard now monitors all tankers, via satellite as they pass through the Valdez Narrows, around Bligh Island and as they exit the Prince William Sound at the Hinchinbrook Entrance. Prior to the spill tankers were only watched as they cruised through the Valdez Narrows.
Two escort ships are now required to follow every tanker and are equipped to assist in the case of an emergency. Only one escort ship was used before the tragedy. Specially trained captains with much experience are now aboard ships during the entire voyage through the Sound, making sure safe navigation practices are used. The debate continues over whether a spill like the Exxon Valdez could be contained with all these new regulations. However the ability of both industry and government to respond has been significantly raised during the last ten years as a result of a heightened environmental awareness. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Restoration Website, (E VOS) web.
