In neurobiological models of dreaming, based on the brains psychological activity during REM sleep, the interpretation of human imagery is secondary to explaining the underlying cognitive function of REM sleep.
Crick and Mitchison did research into reverse-learning and came up with the reverse-learning model, a neurobiological model of sleep. They argued, that the brain is offline when dreaming and during this stage, it sifts through the information gathered during the days waking activities and throws out all unwanted information. According to Crick and Mitchison, they throw this material away through reverse learning. The cortex cannot cope with the vast amount of information without developing parasitic thoughts, which effect the efficiency of the organisation of memory within the brain.
Spiny anteaters, which Crick and Mitchison used as evidence, have no REM sleep. This may be used to explain why a spiny anteater does this. It has a huge frontal cortex meaning it can store a lot more memories or parasitic thoughts, whereas others have had to evolve to dispose of the information during sleep.
One problem with their theory is that dreams are often organised into clear narratives or stories. If they consisted only of disposable parasitic thoughts, why should they be organised in a systematic way. However, later on, Crick and Mitchison changed their theory to apply only to dreams with bizarre imagery and not just clear stories.
Hobson and McCarley took a similar approach to that of Crick and Mitchison. Their activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming is based on many years of intricate electrophysiological research into the brain mechanisms of REM sleep. Hobson and McCarley’s model is broader than that of Crick and Mitchison and is based on extensive experimental work. It provides a sound account of the brain mechanisms underlying REM sleep and dreaming. Basing psychological interpretation on the neurobiology of REM sleep and dream states does make it more convincing.
The Essay on Poor Sleep Linked To Aging The Brain & More
As most of you may have already suspected, the results of several recent studies have indicated a relationship to sleep with cognitive functions in humans such as reported in this article in a recent issue of US News and World report: Poor Sleep May Age Your Brain. Furthermore, it appears that both too little sleep or too much sleep may be linked to CNS disease states. Do a little research of your ...
Outline and evaluate one psychological theory of the functions of dreaming.
In contrast to neurobiology, psychological theories take the dream imagery itself as the issue to be explained.
Winson suggests a psychological theory into dreaming. He did his research with non-humans, such as cats, dogs and rabbits. He said that theta rhythm of 6 cycles per second from the hippocampus during REM sleep. He claims, that this was responsible for the reactivation of memory in animals for instance territory keeping and hunting. They were stored in the hippocampus and so can be integrated with previous experiences and together with the cortex new survival strategies can be developed. According to Winson, dream imagery depends on the nature of the problems, individual coping strategies and previous experiences, but would often clearly reflect the days events and experiences.
Winson, supports his research with evidence from the spiny anteater and REM sleep in babies. With anteaters, new information is integrated with stored memories whilst it is still awake, as it has such a large brain. The large amounts of REM sleep in babies shows that they need this sleep to learn and develop.
The problem with Winson’s study, is that it was carried out on non-humans, and therefore canot be generalised. However, similar ideas have been proposed by others on humans, focusing more on problemsolving, than learning.
Cartwright found that women not depressed by their divorce had longer dreams than those who were depressed. Suggesting that moderate emotional reactions in life lead to more adaptive dreams and stronger emotional reactions in life seem to inhibit the adaptive role of dreaming.
The Research paper on Case Study For Human Resources
Edmund Graves, personnel manager used to consult legal, moral, and personnel practices. Graves, employed by Walker Space Institute for fourteen years, has been asked to supply guidelines and recommendations surrounding the pending cutbacks of the engineering department. Walker Space Institute requires the elimination of three engineers due to industry cutbacks. In doing so, Walker must evaluate ...
Therefore, it can be said that although, Winson’s study cannot be generalised, it has a strength, in that it is convincing, and is supported by the study done by Cartwright.
