1.1 PRELUDE: The phenomenon of ferromagnetism is associated only with the solid state of matter; like iron, nickel, cobalt and some rare earth metals and their alloys. Thus, up to now, there is no intrinsic homogeneous fluid having ferromagnetic properties; although, theories admit the possibility of ferromagnetism in the liquid state, and suggest that there is no inherent reason why they should not exist [1-3,5]. Ferromagnetism occurs when paramagnetic ions in a solid lock together in such a way that their spins all point (on the average) in the same direction . At a certain temperature this locking breaks down and ferromagnetic materials become paramagnetic. This transition temperature is called the Curie point (TC), which is invariably well below the melting point of the corresponding material [1,8,12]. 1.2 MAGNETIC FLUIDS: Magnetic fluids ( MF ) are stable colloidal suspensions of ultrafine ferro- or ferri- magnetic particles ( D100Ao ), coated with a surfactant like oleic acid, in a suitable liquid carriers such as Isopar-M, kerosene, decalin, etc., [1,2]. The idea of MF was put forward independently and almost simultaneously by several investigators. The first prepared MF was developed by Stephen Papell of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in the early 1960s. After that, Ronald E. Rosensweig and his colleagues succeeded in formulating MFs that were 10 times as strong magnetically as Papell`s original MF [1].
The special feature of magnetic fluids is given by the fact, that they combine normal liquid behavior with superparamagnetic properties, as will be discussed later. The possibility of magnetic fluid control gave rise to the development of many technical applications in our everyday life [1-3]. Mixtures are classified into three kinds: colloidal suspensions, suspensions, and solutions, and one of the principal features that differentiate one kind of mixture from another is the size of the particles [6]. Colloidal suspensions (also called colloids) are mixtures that are intermediate between solutions and suspensions. Typically the radius of the particle is of the order 100Ao. Since this is much smaller than the size of a single magnetic domain in bulk solids, which is about , the magnetization of the individual particle is saturated, but the direction of the magnetic moment is subject to thermal agitation [1,2,5]. The particles used are commonly Fe3O4, Fe, Co and Ni.
The Term Paper on Magnetic Abrasive Finishing of Thick Cylinder Tube
Abstract Magnetic Abrasive Finishing (MAF) is an advanced finishing method, which improves the quality of surfaces and performance of the products. Surface is finished by removing the material in the form of microchips by abrasive particles in the presence of magnetic field. The material is removed in such a way that surface finishing and deburring are performed simultaneously with the applied ...
MF is a two-phase system with three components, which combines magnetic properties, carried by the solid magnetic fine particles, with fluidity of the carrier liquid. The liquid, which determines the chemical & mechanical properties of the MF, can in principle be any material in the liquid phase, but a non conducting one is usually used . Commonly used liquids are kerosene, water, hydrocarbon, paraffin, decalin and Isopar-M. The third component is called surfactant, which is very important component in order to obtain stable magnetic fluid [1-3,5]. Stability of a colloid against sedimentation and agglomeration is an important property that ensures the investigators of a well-defined material suitable for fluid applications as well as for scientific studies [3,7]. Sedimentation occurs under the action of gravitational field and magnetic field gradients. Agglomeration occurs mainly by two mechanisms: magnetic dipole-dipole interaction, and electrostatic London- type Van der Waals attractive forces.
The thermal agitation energy (KBT) can overcome the mentioned mechanisms under certain conditions, except the Van der Waals forces. To solve this problem, the particles are coated with a dispersion layer, commonly called surfactant, like oleic acid. N.B: This essay is taken from my M.Sc.thesis in Physics. Any suggestions or any questions about this subject is welcomed, esspecially via the e-mail: ahmed REFERENCES [1] R. Rosensweig; Ferrohydrodynamics, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1985. [2] V.E.Fertman, Magnetic Fluid, (Hemisphere, New York, 1990).
The Term Paper on Measurement of fluid properties
In this course, you will conduct the experiments at the Fluid Mechanics Laboratory, by yourselves, without any help or instruction from the teaching assistants. You must read the lab sheet thoroughly and understand what you are expected to do (and why) for each experiment, before coming to the lab. At the end of each experiment, you will have to do certain calculations, present and plot (when ...
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The Term Paper on Superconductivity Magnetic Field
Superconductivity INTRODUCTION We " ve all heard about superconductivity. But, do we all know what it is? How it works and what are its uses? To start talking about superconductivity, we must try to understand the how 'normal' conductivity works. This will make it much easier to understand how the 'super' part functions. In the following paragraphs, I will explain how superconductivity works, some ...
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The Essay on Magwitch At This Point Magwitch Pip House Mag
This assignment is looking closely at a novel written before 1900. The book is called "Great Expectations" by Charles Dickens. The novel is in the first person, autobiographical form, that it is Pip who looks back at his past life and recounts the event which led to the situation we find him in at the last chapter. Dickens creates some memorable people, realism is found in his settings. The two ...
Stocker, Thermodynamics And Statistical Mechanics, Springer, second edition (1997).
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23 (1981) 3349. [48] K. Henjes, J. Mag. Mag. Mater. 117 (1992) L311.
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Mag. Mater. 122 (1993) 196. [50] K. Henjes, J. Mag.
Mag. Mater. 146 (1995) L236..
