For my term paper I chose the Tuskegee Airman. They will alway be the most influential air squadron during WWII. I think this because there where a lot racist people that did not want them to succeed, but they did more than just succeed. They became the first black Airforce pilots. It all started when President Roosevelt arranged a meeting
in September 1940 with three African-American leaders and members of the Army and Navy. During the meeting, the leaders emphasized three points:(1)equal opportunity for jobs in the defense industry, (2)impartial administration of the new draftlaw, and (3)an opportunity for qualified blacks to learn to fly in A few days later after the meeting, the War Department issued a policy directives stating that black men generally would be admitted into the armed force in numbers equivalent to their percentage in the civilian population. But it was not until a couple months after the meeting in December 1940, that the Army Air Corps submitted a plan for the experiment to establish an all-black fighter squadron. The plan was not official until July 19, 1941 when Major General Walter Weaver, commander of the U.S. Army?s Southeastern Air Corps spoke at the Tuskegee Institute Campus.*2* It was then that 13 black men became the first black pilot trainees. Most of the trainees were college graduates, including a policeman, an army officer, a factory inspector, and several young men who were fresh out of college. Also, all of the men were trained at Chanute Air Field in
The Essay on Black Soldiers War Army Troops
The Fight for Equal Rights: Black Soldiers in the Civil War Historical Background Once let the black man get upon his person the brass letter, U. S. , let him get an eagle on his button, and a musket on his shoulder and bullets in his pocket, there is no power on earth that can deny that he has earned the right to citizenship. -Frederick Douglass The issues of emancipation and military service ...
Ratoul, Illinois at the US Army Air Corps Technical Training School. The men of this first squadron were so smart that they established a grade point average never equaled before or after A few miles from the Tuskegee Campus, two air fields were built for the training of the new cadets. The two air fields were Moton Field and the Tuskegee Army Air Field(TAAF).
About six miles from the fields was the town of Tuskegee. It was very hostile toward blacks, especially its sheriff. At the TAAF base, very diverse entertainment was offered. Musicians such as Louis Armstrong and Lena Horne, other celebrities like Joe Louis and the Camel Caravan Orchestra. The first trainer plane used by the squadron was the PT- 17.*4*It was a biplane with unretractable landing gear. The instructor rode with the cadet during the first practice, whether Before the cadets could earn their wings, they had to complete three phases of the training. These were the primary, basic and advanced courses. In the primary and basic, the cadets would have ground school classroom courses and flying lessons. In the advanced, the cadets would concentrate on On September 2, 1941, Captain Benjamin O. Davis Jr. became the first black man to officially solo an aircraft as an officer of the Army Air Corps.*5* A few days after Davis?s solo flight on December 7,1941, in the midst of class 42C?s training, the Japanese bombed the US Navy base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. That next day the United States declared war, joining allies with Great Britain, France, and Russia in the fight against the Axis It was not until July 3, 1942 that the fourth class of the Tuskegee Institute graduated.
The men of this class became the cadets that would fill the 99th squadron, which became the first black squadron of the Army Air Corps. Joining the pilots in the 99th were 14 other officers who provided support services and commanded the 35 enlisted men who serviced the planes. In nine months to a year, they had mastered skills the Air Force said should require at least five years. The 99th then perfected their skills in the P-40, the plane they After receiving word from their officers, in October 1942, the Inspector General of the Third Air Force said the 99th was in excellent condition and was ready for immediate departure.*6* Finally on April 1, 1943, over a year after the graduation of the first class, word came ?moving out.? The next day the 99th climbed aboard a train that would take them to New York where they would board a troop ship. They did not board the ship until April 15,1943, which was bound for North Africa. Then the 99th finally reached Moroco on May 1,1943. When getting off the ship, they said immediately Arab children swarmed them asking for While at the first camp in Oved, Nija, Josephine Baker, a well known black performer, entertained the troops.
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Also, while being at their first camp received their P-40l War Hawks and were joined by white pilots who did not care for the color of their skin. The first missions using these planes were destroying ground targets and escorting bombers. While escorting bombers, they were ordered never to pursue an enemy. But on June 9, 1943, members of the 99th were escorting a group of 12 bombers. They were attacked by 4 German Me-109?s.*8* Eight of the members stayed and escorted the bombers home. The other 4 pursued the Germans and almost lost the 99th?s status as Throughout the rest of June and July the 99th participated in the bombing of Pantelleria. During this time history was made. On July 2, 1943, Lieutenant Charles Hall scored the first kill for the 99th, when he downed a FW-190 and damaged an Me- 109.*9* Later that day, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, who was commander of American forces in Northern Africa at the time, visited the squadron and praised Hall for an excellent job. A few days after the first kill, Pantelleria, a small island they were attacking surrendered. Also the same day Lieutenant Colonel Davis received a letter from the area commander, Colonel J.R.
Hawkins, which congratulated them, and thanked them for their performance in the take down of Pantelleria.*10* Within days of the surrender of Pantelleria, the 99th participated in the capture of the islands. The two islands were Lampedusa and Linosa. This was the first time in history that air power alone had completely destroyed all enemy resistance. Then after the takedowns of the three islands, Lieutenant Colonel Davis was called back to the states to take command of the all black 332nd fighter group which consisted of the 100th, the 301st, and the 302nd with a technical group.*11* The next year in the middle of January, the 99th and the 79th moved to Capodichino Airfield, near Naples on the western coast of Italy. From there the squadrons supported the battle of During the Battle of Anzio on January 27, 1944 the 99th spotted a group of German fighter planes attacking ships near the beach of Naples. The 99th attacked the Germans and made five kills. Because of this battle, a few months later, in a study made by the Army?s statistical unit, the 99th was said to be a Then finally, the 332nd got its action in the war. It was composed of the three groups 100th, 301st, and 302nd.
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They arrived in Italy in about early February of 1944. Their first assignment was to patrol Italy?s western coast. But when they encountered Germans, they tried to pursue but their planes were too slow to catch up. Then in late May, the 332nd joined other fighter groups in General Eaker?s 15th Air force at Ramitelli. It was not until June 9, 1944, three days after D-day that the 332nd got their first important mission. The mission was to escort B-17 and B-24 bombers to destroy factories in Munich,*12* Germany and was led by Colonel Davis. As they neared Munich, Colonel Davis alerted that enemy planes were approaching the bombers from the rear. Then he ordered the 302nd to go get the enemies. They made five kills and had only one loss. The bombers accomplished their mission and told Colonel Davis when they got back to base that their formation flying and escort is the best they had ever seen. Because of this one mission Colonel Davis received the Distinguished Flying Cross for his leadership. In that same month Lieutenant Gwynne Pierson and Captain Wendall Pruitt received the Distinguished Flying Cross for their never before seen kills. They sank two enemy destroyers with only bullets.
Some people did not believe them but when the photos from the wing cameras were developed, they had no reason About a week later, they made more history by becoming the first fighter group with four squadrons with the 99th joining the 332nd. The 99th was soon struck with illness and could not perform for a while. So during the July of 1944 the three Red Tail squadrons of 332nd flew mostly bomber escorts. The most important mission for that month was when they were flying a bomber escort mission to railroad yards in France and crossed the French coast. The pilots spotted 25 enemy fighter planes moving in to attack, but as the enemy planes came closer they saw the fighter plane escorting the bombers and turned away but left themselves open for attack. Four of their planes were taken down by Captain Joseph Elsberry and Lieutenant Harold Sawyer and by the end of July the 332nd had 39 aerial kills. In August, the 33rd continued its bomber escort missions to enemy oil fields. The Allies were about to begin a new offensive in southern France, and planned to invade the region on August 15. Now that the war had moved north, the Allies needed southern French ports as entry points for troops and supplies. Assisting in the effort to reduce resistance to Allied invaders, the 332nd escorted bombers sent to attack submarine docks, bridges, airfields, and radar stations. Once the invasion force had landed the 332nd escorted bomber missions to attack enemy troops, bridges, and supply and communication centers. By September, the pilots of the 332nd had become known as skilled bomber escorts. Praise for the Red Tails came in from
The Term Paper on My Mission Statement & Goal Plan
I may not convince the world that I can be the next Nobel Peace Prize winner. I may not persuade people to make me the next Time Magazine’s Person of the Year. Nor do I have any illusions of garnering millions of votes to become the next president of this country. But if I am to be given an opportunity to describe myself, all that I can honestly say is that, I am who I am. Thus, in an attempt to ...
many bomber squadrons. On September 10, 1944, the top brass came to pay its respects. In a full dress ceremony with the 15th Air Force band and troops passing in the review, four pilots were presented with the Distinguished Flying Cross. General Davis pinned the medal on his son, honored for his leadership of one of the first bomber escort missions to Munich, during which five Captain Elsberry and Lieutenant Clarence Lester were honored for shooting down three planes each during single missions and Lieutenant Jack Holsclaw was cited for achieving two aerial During most of January 1945, the 332nd was kept in by the rain and the snow. The Squadrons only flew 11 missions. The weather improved in February which led them to 39 missions. As the pilots flew around Germany, all they saw was smoke coming from the piles of debris. Also during the February, the squadron lost five pilots and planes to the aerial battles. In early March, Colonel Davis received word that the 302nd squadron was being inactivated and disbanded. He did not know why but believed it was because the Air Force was having trouble supplying black pilots to four black fighter groups. But it was not until 1948 that President Harry S. Truman issued an executive order. This order eventually ended In this paper I have represented my thesis statement with good facts and hard evidence that the Tuskegee Airman were and always will be the most influential fighter unit during WWII.
The Term Paper on Tuskegee Airmen Black Pilots Training
... counterparts, whom were sent home after 50 missions, some black pilots flew over 60. The airmen became known as the Red Wings because ... Robert A. Rose. Los Angeles: Tuskegee Airmen, Western Region, 1976 5. Segregated Skies: All-Black Combat Squadrons of WWII, by Stanley ... plans for training and establishment of the black pursuit squadron at Tuskegee. By January 6 th, 1941, General Hap Arnold tells ...
Bibliography:
Bilbiography #1.Mckissack, Patricia and Fredrick Red Tail Angles United States : Walker Publishing Company, 1995. #2.Harris, Jacqueline The Tuskegee Airman New Jersey: Dillon Press,1996. #3.Hart Philip S. Fly Free Minneapolis,Minnesota: Lerner Publications Company,1992. #4.Rose Robert A. Lonely Eagles Los Angelos,CA: Tuskegee Airman Inc. #5. ?Tuskegee Airman:A Brief History? Tuskegee Airman November 26,1999 http://www.ebonywings.com/tuskegee airman.
