As time approaches the 21st century, the automobile has become our major source of mass transportation. Everything about our culture and society has developed around this necessary form of travel. However, along with this necessity comes the issue of pollution to the environment. These great gasoline powered vehicles have contributed greatly to the impurity of our environment. The two prominent alternative fueled vehicles yet brought up are the Electric car (EV) and the hybrid electric car (HEV).
The ultimate clean, efficient car is the EV, a vehicle powered by an electrical motor, which is powered by batteries and controlled by an on-board computer. But there are questions about the mid-term viability of EV vehicles. This is due to unresolved technical issues of on-board energy storage capacity, high vehicle cost, and infrastructure limitations (e.g., lack of public charging stations, repair/replacement facilities, and battery recycling centers).
HEV vehicles are almost as clean as the EV?s and have vehicle performance comparable to that of today?s standard internal combustion engine vehicles. More important, such performance appears to be available in the mid-term future (e.g., 2002), and therefore represents a practical, technically achievable alternative approach. Some suggest we develop both the EV?s and HEV?s in parallel, because many of the technical advancements can be shared and because either or both will be needed to achieve efficiency and clean air goals. Unlike EV or the HEV vehicles, motor vehicles generate more air pollution than any other human made machine. This air pollution, or toxic mixture of chemicals released by motor vehicles, is recognized as a major health hazard. According to the American Lung Association, this air pollution kills between 60,000 and 120,000 people in the United States each year and costs $93 billion dollars in medical bills. Some of these air-polluting greenhouse gases that are emitted or attributed to gasoline powered vehicles are chlorofluorocarbon (CFC?s), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), and the precursors to tropospheric ozone – hydrocarbons (HC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx).
The Term Paper on Air Pollution 16
Air pollution is one of the most serious problems in the world. It refers to the contamination of the atmosphere by harmful chemicals or biological materials. According to the World’s Worst Polluted Places by Blacksmith Institute in 2008, two of the worst pollution problems in the world are urban air quality and indoor air pollution. To solve the problem of air pollution, it’s ...
These gasoline-powered vehicles are also a major source of carbon monoxide (CO).
CFC?s are the most potent greenhouse gases on a per-unit mass basis. They now contribute nearly 24 percent of the total global warming effect. While incremental improvements can be made in standard vehicles, regulators and auto makers have defined at least two new vehicle classes that may provide a step-wise improvement in emissions. These are the electric vehicle and the Hybrid Electric Vehicle. Unlike an EV, an HEV utilizes the intermittent operation of a small engine to assist a typically battery-powered electric propulsion system. The electric motor propels the front wheels at low speeds. At higher speeds the internal combustion engine takes over. When the engine drives the vehicle, it automatically charges the batteries used for the electric motor, therefore making the battery pack a lot smaller. EV and HEV vehicles are a lot more beneficial to the environment than internal combustion engines. The EV vehicles have a zero tailpipe emission. Another major problem of motor vehicles is its unsafe nature after its life dies out. Automobile junkyards, which litter the American landscape, contain thousands upon thousands of old broken up cars. From such junkyards are the problem of oil, lead, and battery acids, which enter the ground.
The Essay on Starter Relay Motor Battery Switch
The function of the starting system is to crank the engine to start it. The system is composed of the starter motor, starter relay (also called a solenoid), battery, switch and connecting wires. Turning the ignition key to the start position sends a signal to the starter relay through the starter control circuit. The starter relay then connects the battery to the starter. The battery supplies the ...
However the lead in the batteries of electric vehicles is in a very stable form, unlike the trace amounts of lead in even unleaded gasoline and since electric vehicles do not contain oil or chlorofluorocarbons, they do not risk contaminating the area. Noise is also an advantage of getting an electric vehicle. Because motor vehicles have combustion motors, they tend to be loud and obnoxious. On the other hand, EV vehicles do not have a combustion engine; thus, they are noticeably quieter. Because the electric vehicle motors are also more efficient compared to motor vehicles, they are expected to last over a million miles compared to the motor vehicles? one hundred thousand miles. Initially, HEV vehicles are not expected to compete directly with standard vehicles on performance alone (e.g., acceleration and range), but they are expected to offer benefits that a standard vehicle does not offer. Compared to today’s standard vehicles, HEV vehicle will reduce local/regional pollution, by means of: increased vehicle mileage, (two times per gallon of fuel) , lower emissions per vehicle mile traveled. Propulsion systems that can be cycled off during stop-and-go driving, producing no emissions, fuels or fuel systems with reduced fuel evaporation and refueling losses. As with any new technology, there are obstructions to its ready acceptance by consumers. Initially there may be resistance to the vehicles’ higher price and slightly reduced performance. Rugged and durable systems will be needed to provide credibility to a claim of long life with low emissions.
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The Cost-Effectiveness of Further Regulating Mobile Source Emissions. Sierra Research, Inc. and Charles River Associates for American Automobile Manufacturers Association. Automotive Engineering (March 1994).
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The Essay on Acid Rain Emissions Air Canada
... and 20% of other emissions. Also in 1990, the California Air Resources Board introduced the strictest vehicle emission controls in the world. ... and other industrial factories burn fossil fuels such as gasoline, coal, and fuel oils. When combusted, the non renewable ... pollution emissions from Canada and the U. S. are crossing into each others territory. For example coal-powered electric generating ...
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The Essay on Electric Cars Vehicles Percent Gasoline
Potential Environmental and Social impact of ELECTRIC CARS A wise person once said that: The only thing that we know about the future is its uncertainty. This uncertainty opens the world of opportunity to us, allowing progress to pave the road to tomorrow. Over the past fifty years, the automobile has become our primary way of transportation and not only for leisure, but a necessity for most ...
Exhaust emissions of reformulated gasolines and methanol fuels based on the working datasets of the Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement Research Program. Presented at the International Specialty Conference: PM10 standards and nontraditional particulate source controls, January 12-15, 1992, Scottsdale Arizona, Volume 2. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania : Air and Waste Management Association. Clossey, T.J.; J.M. DeJovine; K.J. McHugh, D.A. Paulsen, L.A. Rapp; J.S. Segal; B.K. Sullivan; D.J. Townsend (1992).
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“Toxic Air Pollutant Vehicle Exhaust Emissions with Reformulated Gasolines.” Proceedings of the International Specialty Conference on Toxic Air Pollutants from Mobile Sources: Emissions and Health Effects, Detroit, Michigan, October 16-18, 1991. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: Air And Waste Management Association. Hartsock, D., Stiles, E., Bable, W., and Kranig, J., 1994 “Analytical and Experimental Evaluation of a Thermally Insulated Automotive Exhaust System,” SAE Technical Paper #940312. Hempel, L.C.; D.Press; D. Gregory; J.M., Hough; M.E. Moore (1989).
The Essay on Energy Make Electric
Energy is the ability to do work. The two different types of energy are kinetic and potential. Kinetic energy is energy in motion and potential energy is energy that is stored. Energy is measured in units which are BTU (British thermal unit) and a joule. The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy can't be created or destroyed, but it can be changed in form. Heat is a form of energy that ...
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Emission Performance Relationships to Gasoline Composition for Vehicles Equipped with Electrically Heated Catalytic Converters. Washington, D.C.: National Petroleum Refiners Association. Laing, P.M., 1994 “Development of an Alternator-Powered Electrically-Heated Catalyst System,” SAE Technical Paper #941042. Lyons, C.E. (1993).
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The Term Paper on Alternative Vehicle Fuel Sources
Alternative Vehicle Fuel Sources For last years there is a tendency to increasing the number of vehicles in the United States. According to National Household Travel Survey this number tripled from 1969 to 2001. The same tendency is noticed in other progressive countries. Almost all of them use hydrocarbon fuels. But the sources of hydrocarbon fuels will come to end; and, most of all, carbon ...
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Reformulated Gasoline Effects on Exhaust Emissions: Phase II; Continued Investigation of the Effects of Fuel Oxygenate Content, Oxytenate Type, Volatility, Sulfur, Olefins, and Distillation Parameters. Warrendale, Pennsylvania: Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE 941974. Mayotte, S.C.; C.E. Lindhjem; V. Rao; M.S. Sklar (1994).
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Reduction of air pollution by changing the pollutant emission from vehicles. Proceedings of the 26th intersociety energy conversion engineering conference, Boston, Massachusetts, August 3 9,1991. pp. 126 131. La Grange Park, Illinois: American Nuclear Society. Sawyer, R., 1993 Trends in Auto Emissions and Gasoline Composition, Environmental Health Perspectives Supplements, v.101 s.6 p.5 Schaper, V.; J. Mark; T. Wheat; C. Hammel (1995).
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The Total Effect of a Reformulated Gasoline on Vehicle Emissions by Technology (1973 to 1989).
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Emission Control Cost-Effectiveness of Alternative-Fueled Vehicles. David, California: Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis. UCD-ITS-RR-93-7. Wang, Quanlu; Santini, Danilo L. (1992).
Magnitude and Value of Electric Vehicle Emissions Reductions for Six Driving Cycles in Four U.S. Cities with Varying Air Quality Problems. Paper for presentation at the 72nd Annual Meeting of Transportation Research Board, January 10-14, 1993, Washington D.C. Wang, Q.; M.A. DeLuchi; D. Sperling (1990).
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Transportation: Environment, Energy, and the Economy. Upton, New York: Brookhaven National Lab. BNL-49418. Socolow, Robert H.; Anderson, Dennis; Harte, John, eds. (1992).
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Development and testing of a close to production hybrid drive for compact passenger cars. Proceedings of the 25th FISITA Congress Automobile in Harmony with Human Society, Beijing, China, October 17-21, 1994. Beijing, China: Society of Automotive Engineers of China. Dunn, Donald A.; Reuyl, John S.; McCormick, David L. (1994).
Hybrid Electric Vehicles – Their Possible Near-Term Roles in Emissions Reduction and Fuel Saving. Presented to the Air and Waste Management Association, April 11, 1994. Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc. (1994).
Automotive Technologyies to Improve Fuel Economy to 2015. Prepared for the Office of Technology Assessment. Arlington, Virginia: Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc. Liebenberg, Leon; Nel, Andre L.; Pullen, Keith R. (1994).
Computer simulation of electric , gas turbine , and gas turbine hybrid electric vehicles. Proceedings of the SAE International Off Highway and Powerplant Congress and Exposition. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, September 12 14, 1994. Warrendale, Pennsylvania: Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. Lovins, A.B. (1994).
Supercars: Advanced Ultralight Hybrid Vehicles. Preprared for the Encyclopedia of Energy Technology and the Environment. Snowmass, Colorado: Rocky Mountain Institute. Society of Automotive Engineers (1993).
Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Advancements. John M. Olsen and Thomas M. Sebestyen, eds. Warrendale, Pennsylvania: Society of Automotive Engineers. SP-969. Society of Automotive Engineers (1992).
Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technology. Bradford Bates, ed. Warrendale, Pennsylvania: Society of Automotive Engineers. SP-915. Society of Automotive Engineers (1994).
Advancements in Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technology. Bradford Bates, ed. Warrendale, Pennsylvania: Society of Automotive Engineers. SP-1023. Society of Automotive Engineers (1995).
Design Innovations in Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles. Bradford Bates and Frank Stodolsky, eds. Warrendale, Pennsylvania: Society of Automotive Engineers. SP-1089. Financial/Economic Issues Collins, M.M.; W.M. Carriere (1983).
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Automobile Fuel Economy and Traffic Congestion. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Applied Physics. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan. Burke, A.F. (1992).
Development of test procedures for hybrid/electric vehicles. Idaho Falls, Idaho: EG and G Idaho, Inc. DOE/ID 10385 Rev.; INEL/MISC 92055. Deluchi, M.; Q. Wang; D.L. Greene (1992).
Motor Vehicle Fuel Economy, the Forgotten HC Control Strategy? Oak Ridge, Tennessee: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL-6715. HEV Drive Systems Harmon, R. (1992).
Alternative vehicle propulsion systems. Mechanical Engineering 114:3: 58 65. Kalberlah, A. (1991).
“Electric hybrid drive systems for passenger cars and taxis.” Proceedings of the SAE International Congress and Exposition, Detroit, Michigan, February 25 – Mar 01, 1991. Warrendale, Pennsylvania: Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. Also published in: SP 862. Murrell, J. Dillard (1995).
Vehicle Powertrain Modeling. Prepared for NREL, Consultant Agreement CCD-4-14303-01. Padeste, L. (1994).
Three way catalysts in a hybrid drive system 1: Experimental study of dynamic behavior. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research. 33: 1113 1119. Miscellaneous HEV Related Issues Brown, P. (1992).
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Alternative-Fuel Vehicles and the Energy Policy Act: A Case Study in Technology Policy. A dissertation in Energy Management and Policy, University of Pennsylvania. Draft. Greene, D.L.; D.J. Santini, eds. (1993).
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“The range extender hybrid vehicle.” Proceedings of the 26th intersociety energy conversion engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, August 3 9, 1991, pp. 323-328. La Grange Park, Illinois: American Nuclear Society. Northeast Sustainable Energy Association (1993).
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“Discussion and model of an electric/gas turbine power plant system for hybrid vehicles.” Proceedings of the SAE International Congress and Exposition, Detroit, Michigan, February 24 28, 1992. Warrendale, Pennsylvania: Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc. Also published in: SP 910. Paterson, J. ; Leonid, T. ; Drozdz, P. (1993).
Hybrid electric vehicles. Mississauga, Ontario: ORTECH International. OI 91 7 253 1993E; MICROLOG 94 01992. Patil, P.G. (1990).
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Alternative Cars in the 21st Century: A New Personal Transportation Paradigm. Warrendale, Pennsylvania: Society of Automotive Engineers. Society of Automotive Engineers (1994).
1993 Ford Hybrid Electric Vehicle Challenge. Warrendale, Pennsylvania: Society of Automotive Engineers. SP-980. Sperling, Daniel (1995).
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Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Always Second Best? Palo Alto California: Electric Power Research Institute. Stecco, Sergio S.; Moran Michael J., eds. (1990).
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The Impact of Electric Vehicles on the Southern California Edison System. Los Angeles, California: University of Southern California. Hamilton, W.; S. Kiselewich (1983).
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