Water Science Water is the most important component of the human body. About 70% of human body is made of fluids that consists of water. Earth is the water planet of the solar system. Most of he water is either salty or stays frozen as polar ice in the frigid zones of the planet. The other part of water supply moves through the water cycle. Regardless of huge quantity of water supply, there are some places on the planet that suffer from the shortage of water. The UNESCO statement dated 1995 reports about 90 million people in urban areas around the world suffering of inadequate water supply. It is the obligation of the government to provide water supply and sanitation systems accordingly. It is known that some big cities of the world, like Bombay and Mexico, are affected by this problem.
The water supply is a vital issue for social and economic development all over the world. The appropriate water supply will help solve anti sanitary and disease problems in some regions of the world. The adequate water supply is the matter for developing countries, which happen to be most affected by this problem. It is known that the problem of water supply will continue to exist even when cheap and affordable technologies are used. Financial support for the water supply programs is the primary issue for the water project development. The UN Children’s Fund estimates that about US. $28.2 billion would be needed to be invested annually to provide 90% of the world’s population with safe water and sanitation services.
The Term Paper on Fresh Water Shortage World Population Nations
... fresh water supply. Year 2000 Opinions Throughout mankind four and one half million years on this planet, the world's fresh water ... family planning programs. In many parts of the world, water problems are today more manageable than they otherwise would ... maintaining fresh water supplies is global warming. Global warming will further aggravate the water shortage throughout the globe. Problems in ...
Such costs do not include the costs for operation and maintenance of the facilities. (Scott R, 1996: 7-12).
An alternative solution to water supply can be implementation of desalination technologies. Pollution has deeply influenced the safety of water. Consequently, survival of nations depends on the desalination of vast amounts of water in many places of the world. Desalination of sea water can serve as an alternative source for water supply for many people. The first steps have already been made.
In the Middle East, joint international enterprises proposed building desalinating plants as a solution to local environmental problems. The primary reasons of water supply problems are the population growth and exhaustion of water resources. At the present time, desalination is viewed as a relatively minor contributor to total water supply. But the use of desalination has become socially desirable and has a great practical potential. The open ocean water contains between 32,000 and 37,000 milligrams of dissolved salts in one litter. The salinity can be lower near coastlines when there is influence of rivers and ground waters.
The U.S. Public Health Service recommends that drinking water contains less than 500 milligrams per liter of dissolved salts, and sets 1,000 milligrams per liter as the upper limit. (Behling E, 1997: 139-145).
The separation of water or salt from salt solutions requires energy. The energy required to separate water molecules from the ions in solution is about 0.74kwh/m3 of seawater at 25oC. Specialists came to the conclusion that large scale distillation is the only way to treat large amounts of seawater at a socially acceptable cost.
(Behling E, 1997: 139-145).
Large scale plants for seawater demineralization are manufactured for a life span of 25 to 30 years. Processing capacity for such plants is about 20,000 cubic meters of water per day. Distillation uses energy but can be combined with power generation, to fuel the distillation itself and serve the general public. Modern ocean liners and warships are fitted with desalination plants which can produce as much as 1,900 cubic meters of fresh water daily. In U.S.A.
The Essay on Small Scale Compared To Large Scale
The types of experiments that may take place in colleges and schools around the world, differ in many aspects to experiments that although produce the same end product, are done on a much larger scale in industry. The aspects they may differ in are equipment, time taken, and many other things. In this report I will explain how and why laboratory and industrial scale differ using the example of ...
in Southern California, Texas, Arizona, Florida, desalination seems to be the only possibility if there is to be adequate potable water over the long run. (Scott R, 1996: 7-12).
Desalination seems to be an alternative water source. It is considered by experts that, even in relatively rainy places, desalination can be cheap in the long run. Desalination plants are quickly built extensive. Hydrological and hydrogeological studies are not needed like in deep wells and dams. Reduced investments are required. Desalination plant can be fully automated, operated manually, combined with power generation.
This approach offers great flexibility compared to other types of water projects like recycling. More than that, desalination plants do not have negative influence on the external environment. I think that large scale desalinating plants will be a viable option in the United States. In some places in the world, it already becomes the reality. For example, in Singapore, first large-scale desalination plant, capable of desalinating about 140,000 cubic meters of seawater daily, will be operational and produce consumable water by 2005. The city-state goals is to have an adequate number of desalination plants capable of producing a combined 400,000 cubic meters of water daily by 2011.
(Edelmann W, 1994: 69-84).
Large seawater desalination plants are not needed in some foreign countries where populations are small. But in China, the same as in mentioned States in America, water shortages call for desalination of seawater on a large scale. China implemented a new project to remove the salt from seawater by using nuclear power. This approach is designed to help solve deficiency in water resources. It is currently under study, but, in perspective, the implementation of these plans will help go further in solving the problems with water supply throughout the world, providing environmentally safe and efficient facilities. (Jong F, 1997: 212-230).
The Essay on Mayniland Water Treatment Plant
The next, January 28, 2013 (Monday), we are scheduled to visit the MAYNILAD WATER TREATMENT PLANT. We arrived at 8:30 o’clock in the morning at MAYNILAD. But before we entered to the plant, all of us were registered to the guard’s log book and we make sure that we are wearing our hard hat for safety purposes. Then Engr. Bautista, (one of the staff of the plant) discussed us about the company ...
At the present time, eleven seawater desalination plants using nuclear energy are in operation around the world. But, the small scale and high costs of seawater desalination does not allow to develop this industry. “Desalinated seawater is as pure as purified water sold on the market, the head of the project in China says. “A small amount of seawater would be added to meet the mineral needs of the human body. After high-temperature treatment, the water is purified, its salt content even lower than that in the piped water we drink now.” (Jong F, 1997: 212-230).
Desalination of seawater seems to be the best alternative method to the critical water shortage.
This mode of water supply can be combined with power generation. It can reduce overall processing costs, allowing the industry to develop. Words 1, 038
Bibliography:
Behling E, Fernandez N, Forster C. F. Domestic wastewater treatment. Bioresource Technology 51(2): 139-145, 1997.
Edelmann W, Engeli H. Desalination Industry. Water Science and Technology 26(2): 69-84, 1994. Jong F, Cheng C, Wang H. E. Nuclear Desalination. Developments in Nuclear Engineering 5(4): 212-230, 1997. Scott R, Forster C. F.
New Perspective in Water Science. Environmental Health 38(1): 7-12, 1996..
