The late 1960s marked a slow down in the progress of the civil rights movement. Whereas, previously organisations such as the SCLC had played a vital part in progression, through non-violent techniques, there was no longer any such strong leadership. President Johnson attempted to overcome some of the problems in the North by proposing several bills, which had varying degrees of success for several reasons.
Originally he had hoped that his 1965 Voting Rights Act would alleviate some of the racial tensions, making it easier for blacks to vote. However, the main problems at this time were being faced by those in the North and could not be solved as easily, although politically there was equality, the situation in economic and social terms was much worse and this lead to rioting in such areas between 1965-1968. People in the North were more concerned with issues such as housing, employment and education.
Johnson’s later legislation was therefore designed to tackle the de facto segregation being faced. As previously mentioned, one of the key problems in the North was education- Johnson tried to overcome this by introducing the Elementary and Secondary School Act. However, he encountered several problems – local officials were reluctant to implement the act and ghetto peer pressure/ traditions often prevented children from leaving their ghettos.
Often Bills would not even get this far because of intervention by congress, particularly uncooperative southern members, who feared a white backlash. In particular there was strong opposition to a bill in which housing discrimination was prohibited, as it was believed that it would lead to a drop in property values. When a housing act was finally introduced (1968) it was found that there were difficulties in its implementation.
The Essay on Act Of Congress Bill House Committee
An Act of Congress How does a bill become a law There are two houses in Congress. The House of Representatives and the Senate. Both of which may introduce a new piece of legislation. But each has different guidelines that they must follow to do this. The guideline in the house is a new Piece of legislation is handed to the clerk of the House who then places it in a hopper, which is a box on the ...
Overall it was becoming clear that tackling these social and economic problems was going to take much more time and effort than political changes had done. Blacks in the north were growing increasingly frustrated by this slow progress and this was one of the main reasons behind the riots which broke out over the North between 1965-1968.
These riots also demonstrated the lack of leadership in the movement during this time as well as an increase in the influence of black power groups. Other, previously peaceful organisations, such as SNCC and CORE, had also become increasingly militant meaning that the white community often perceived them as a threat. They were often felt that radicals were gaining too much control resulting in the changes being brought about by Civil Rights Bills.
These violent riots hindered a lot of progress that could have been made at this time- they led to a white backlash, just as congress had feared, and increased opposition towards Johnson’s policies. Following this backlash, his administration decided to avoid concentrating on dealing with race issues.
Although Johnson had been more helpful than previous presidents in progressing the movement, his ideas lacked the support necessary for them to be a success – both from the black and white communities. In addition to this, he had underestimated the time and effort that would be required to bring about change in areas such as Chicago where many blacks continued to live in poverty even after these developments.
