Introduction
I’ve written this guide to present some basic information about Grub 2. It is meant for users who may be familiar with basic the original Grub (Grub Legacy) menu.lst and wonder how it carries over to Grub 2. The actual version of Grub 2 used in 1.
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Karmic Koala is 1.97~beta4; 1.98 is the Ubuntu 10.04, Lucid Lynx version. In keeping with Ubuntu’s “stable release” philosophy,
1.97~beta4 will remain the official version in 9.10/Karmic and will not be updated to 1.98. In this guide, any reference to refer to the 10.04 Lucid Lynx 1.98 version, with major differences noted.
Grub 2 will be the default in Ubuntu 9.10, Karmic Koala but the plan is not to convert over previous Grub legacy installations Official Announcement / Story
StartUp-Manager supports Grub 2, but not all options are available. The two most-used items, however, are: setting kernel/OS and setting the menu timeout delay. There are plans for a StartUp-Manager 2 that works only for Grub 2 but development according to its creator. To view a guide on installing and running StartUpManager, view the StartUpManager doc or the forum post on which it was based: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=818177
Official documentation at this point is still being created, which is partly the reason for this post. More comprehensive and documentation will hopefully be forthcoming from the developers and volunteers. Of the existing documentation, I have several links to the better sources at the end of this post.
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For troubleshooting and modifying the Grub menu, it is important to know which version you are using (Grub legacy, 0.97; Karmic 1.97~beta4; Grub 2 in Lucid 1.9 . To confirm the version of Grub used in your system, run this command:
Code:
grub-install -v
Which should produce something like this:
Quote:
drs305@mycomputer:~$ grub-install -v
grub-install (GNU GRUB 1.97~beta4)
First Look Differences: GRUB vs GRUB 2
At first boot, there will not be much difference in what the user sees on the boot menu. The one exception is a clean install 9.10 with no other installed operating system. In this case, GRUB 2 will boot directly to the login prompt or Desktop without a menu. Other major differences:
No ”/boot/grub/menu.lst”. It has been replaced by ”/boot/grub/grub.cfg”.
Hold down SHIFT to display the hidden menu during boot (formerly ESC is GRUB legacy).
There is no “find /boot/grub/stage1” at the grub prompt. Stage 1.5 has also been eliminated.
The main menu file, ”/boot/grub/grub.cfg” is not meant to be edited, even by ‘root’.
”grub.cfg” is overwritten anytime there is a update, a kernel is added/removed or the user runs `update-grub`
The user can use a custom file, ”/etc/grub.d/40_custom”, in which the user can place his own entries. This file will
overwritten.
The primary configuration file for changing menu display settings is ”/etc/default/grub”.
There are multiple files for configuring the the menu – ”/etc/default/grub” mentioned above, and all the scripts in
folder.
Other operating systems, such as Windows, should automatically be recognized and added to the menu.
No changes made in the configuration files will take effect until the `update-grub` command is also run.
* To update the GRUB 2 menu, the command sudo update-grub will be used throughout this guide. update-grub
command “grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg” This runs several scripts and incorporates the results into /boot/grub/detemines what is seen on the screen during boot. Since the GRUB 2 developers do not intend to remove the
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be used for simplicity and ease of use.
2.
Improvements
GRUB 2’s major improvements over the original GRUB include:
New configuration file structure
Scripting support including conditional statements and functions
Dynamic module loading
Rescue mode
Themes – under development
Graphical boot menu support and improved splash capability
Boot Ubuntu LiveCD and some other ISO images directly from hard drive
Non-X86 platform support (such as PowerPC)
Universal support for UUIDs (not just Ubuntu)
Improved internationalization, including support for non-ASCII characters
3.
Booting Grub
Grub 2 loads before the operating system. It’s modular components are loaded on an as-needed basis. Menu display behavior generally determined by settings in /etc/default/grub. Review the “Grub 2 Files & Options” section for specific entry and guidance.
The main options for displaying the menu are:
Initial Default
Grub 2 will boot straight into the default operating system if no other operating system is detected. No menu displayed. If another operating system is detected, the Grub 2 menu will display.
Timed display.
The default delay is 10 seconds. If no user input is made Grub 2 boots to the default entry.
The countdown can be stopped by pressing any key. The user must then make a selection manually.
The booted entry is determined by the DEFAULT= setting in /etc/default/grub, The first “menuentry” is 0.
Hidden
The user can interrupt the boot process and display the menu by holding down the SHIFT key until the menu Grub 2 searches for a depressed SHIFT key signal during boot. If the key is pressed or Grub 2 cannot determine status of the key, the menu is displayed. Note: The “SHIFT” keystatus check is currently nested within in a statement within /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober and may not work under certain circumstances.
The time the screen remains blank but available for display is determined by a setting in /etc/default/grub.
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To provide visual feedback during while the countdown continues, a countdown display can be shown on the 4.
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At the end of the timeout, the default entry determined in /etc/default/grub will be selected.
Saved
If the default option is set to “saved”, the last kernel/system successfully booted will be selected and run if made.
Unlike GRUB, GRUB 2 stores the “saved” entry as a string, not as a menu position number. In GRUB 2, the applied more consistently. Example: If the first entry (kernel -15) becomes the second entry due to a kernel will still be the “saved” entry even though it’s position on the menu has changed.
Grub 2 Files & Options
Many of the files in /boot/grub will not be recognizable by users of Grub Legacy. Especially noticeable are the multitude Grub 2 is modular and these files are loaded as necessary by the grub bootloader.
The Grub 2 user-configurable settings are contained mainly in /etc/default/grub and the files in /etc/grub.d. When
executed the results are input into the /boot/grub/grub.cfg file.
/boot/grub/grub.cfg
This is the main Grub 2 file. It “replaces” Grub Legacy’s /boot/grub/menu.lst This file contains the Grub menu but unlike Grub Legacy’s menu.lst file, grub.cfg is not meant to be edited.
grub.cfg is automatcially generated when “update-grub” is executed:
Each section (### BEGIN) is clearly delineated and references the file in the /etc/grub.d folder from information was generated.
grub.cfg is updated by running the “update-grub” or “update-grub” command as root.
By default, and whenever the “update-grub” command is executed, this file is made “read-only”. This with the intent that the file should not be edited manually. If you must edit this file, instructions are Section 2.
Sample grub.cfg including Windows and one manual entry (41_srcd):
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Code:
#
# DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE
#
# It is automatically generated by /usr/sbin/grub-mkconfig using templates
# from /etc/grub.d and settings from /etc/default/grub
#
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/00_header ###
if [ -s $prefix/grubenv ]; then
load_env
fi
set default=”0″
if [ ${prev_saved_entry} ]; then
set saved_entry=${prev_saved_entry}
save_env saved_entry
set prev_saved_entry=
save_env prev_saved_entry
set boot_once=true
fi
function savedefault {
if [ -z ${boot_once} ]; then
saved_entry=${chosen}
save_env saved_entry
fi
}
function recordfail {
set recordfail=1
if [ -n ${have_grubenv} ]; then if [ -z ${boot_once} ]; then save_env recordfail;
}
insmod ext2
set root='(hd0,1)’
search –no-floppy –fs-uuid –set 444539ba-ab9e-4028-94f5-c1a86b5ec7c1
if loadfont /usr/share/grub/unicode.pf2 ; then
set gfxmode=640×480
insmod gfxterm
insmod vbe
/etc/default/grub
This file contains information formerly contained in the upper section of Grub Legacy’s menu.lst and items the end of the kernel line. The items in this file can be edited by a user with administrator (root) privileges.
Quote:
# If you change this file, run ‘update-grub’ afterwards to update
# /boot/grub/grub.cfg.
GRUB_DEFAULT=0
#GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT=0
GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT_QUIET=true
GRUB_TIMEOUT=10
GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR=`lsb_release -i -s 2> /dev/null || echo Debian`
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT=”quiet splash”
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=””
# Uncomment to disable graphical terminal (grub-pc only)
#GRUB_TERMINAL=console
# The resolution used on graphical terminal
# note that you can use only modes which your graphic card supports via VBE
# you can see them in real GRUB with the command `vbeinfo’
#GRUB_GFXMODE=640×480
5.
Grub 2 Basics – Ubuntu Forums http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1195275
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3 of 19 7/23/2010 9:18 AM
# Uncomment if you don’t want GRUB to pass “root=UUID=xxx” parameter to Linux
#GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_UUID=true
# Uncomment to disable generation of recovery mode menu entries
#GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_RECOVERY=”true”
# Uncomment to get a beep at grub start
#GRUB_INIT_TUNE=”480 440 1″
GRUB_DEFAULT – Sets the default menu entry. Entries may be numeric or “saved”
GRUB_DEFAULT=0 – Sets the default menu entry by menu position. As Grub Legacy, the first “menuentr
is 0, the second is 1, etc.
GRUB_DEFAULT=saved – (Grub 1.98) Enables the “grub-reboot” and “grub-set-default” commands.
This setting allows the use of the following commands to set a default OS. The default OS will not be an interactive selection of an OS from the menu.
grub-set-default. Sets the default boot entry until changed.
The format is “sudo grub-set-default X, with X being the menuentry position (starting with 0 as entry) or the exact menu string. Examples: sudo grub-set-default 3 or sudo grub-set-default 2.6.32-15-generic”
To obtain the existing menuentry choice number (starting from 0) or the menuentry “s
menuentry /boot/grub/grub.cfg”
grub-reboot. This command sets the default boot entry for the next boot only. The format of the
same as for “grub-set-default” (see above).
For an example of how to enable the “saved” option with a custom menu, see the “Custom User Entries
GRUB_DEFAULT=”xxxx” – An exact menu entry, including the quotation symbols, may also be used. In location in the menu will not matter. Example: GRUB_DEFAULT=”Ubuntu, Linux 2.6.31-9-generic”
GRUB_SAVEDEFAULT=true * If set to true this setting will automatically set the last selected OS from the menu default OS on the next boot. No commands need be run to set the default OS. For this entry to work, the
should be set to saved.
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GRUB_TIMEOUT=5 – No change from Grub Legacy. This is the number of seconds before the default entr
booted.
Setting this value to -1 will cause the menu to display until the user makes a selection.
To display the menu on each boot use a value of 1 or higher.
This command defers to the GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT command. If the GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT
pressing the SHIFT key, the GRUB_TIMEOUT counter begins its countdown.
Caution: Holding down the “SHIFT” key will not display the menu if “GRUB_TIMEOUT=” is set to “
In addition to editing the file as root, you can also run the following commands the check and change the default value. The first checks the existing timeout, the second replaces the value. Replace T with the new value.
Code:
cat /etc/default/grub | grep ‘GRUB_TIMEOUT=’ # Checks current TIMEOUT value.
sudo sed ‘s/GRUB_TIMEOUT=5/GRUB_TIMEOUT=T/g’ -i /etc/default/grub # Change TIMEOUT GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT=0 [ Note: This setting only applies to computers with only a single operating system.
The hidden timeout option allows a screen to be displayed without the Grub 2 menu, awaiting input from the given number of seconds. It is available to single-OS computers – if multiple OS’s are known to Grub 2, this bypassed.
On single-OS computers:
The menu will be hidden unless the user adds a # symbol to the beginning of this line ( #
GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT=0 ) and the GRUB_TIMEOUT value is greater than 0.
If a background image is designated in 05_debian_theme it will be displayed rather than a blank screen hidden menu timeout.
For integers greater than 0:
The system will pause without displaying a menu for the designated number of seconds
press the SHIFT key during the timeout the system will then boot the default OS/kernel.
If the user presses the SHIFT key to display the menu, the menu will be displayed for the number seconds designated by the GRUB_TIMEOUT value unless the user again intervenes.
With a value of 0:
Unless the user intervenes, the system will boot the default OS/kernel with only a s
be displayed.
The user may force displaying the menu as the computer boots by holding down the
On computers on which Grub 2 recognizes multiple OS’s:
This entry is ignored.
The menu will be displayed for the value designated in GRUB_TIMEOUT.
The hidden menu timeout option is not available, as it is bypassed by a conditional in /etc/grub.d/30_The system can still boot without displaying a menu by setting the GRUB_TIMEOUT value to
delay with a blank screen is not available.
The keystatus check for SHIFT key usage is bypassed by the scripts. Holding down the SHIFT
not display the menu.
If the user of a multi-OS computer wishes to hide the menu while incorporating a blank screen timeout in /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober can be modified. Please refer to Grub 2 Title Tweaks.
GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT_QUIET=true
true – No countdown is displayed. The screen will be blank.
false – A counter will display on a blank screen for the duration of the GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT value.
GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR=`lsb_release -i -s 2> /dev/null || echo Debian`
Determines the descriptive name in the menu entry. (Ubuntu, Xubuntu, Debian, etc.)
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX
If it exists, this line imports any entries to the end of the ‘linux’ command line (Grub Legacy’s “kernel” line) for both recovery modes. This is similar to the “altoptions” line in menu.lst
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT=”quiet splash”
This line imports any entries to the end of the ‘linux’ line (Grub Legacy’s “kernel” line).
The entries are appended the normal mode only. This is similar to the “defoptions” line in menu.lst. For a black screen with boot processes text, remove “quiet splash”. To see the grub splash image plus a condensed text output, use “splash”. This line is instructions, such as “acpi=off” are placed.
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#GRUB_TERMINAL=console
Uncomment to disable graphical terminal (grub-pc only).
This can be useful if the user plans on spending a lot of GRUB 2 command line mode. Scrolling and screen responsiveness will be greatly speeded up.
#GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_UUID=true
Uncomment if you don’t want GRUB to pass “root=UUID=xxx” parameter to Linux
Update: A bug requires quotation symbols be added for this option to be enabled. Change true to “true”
line to eliminate UUIDs for linux entries.
#GRUB_GFXMODE=640×480
You can add this line and remove the # symbol to make it active. This entry sets the resolution of the graphical menu menu text size).
It provides resolutions supported by the user’s graphics card (e.g. 640×480, 800×600, 1280×1024, setting applies only to the boot menu text.
From the GRUB 2 menu you can display available resolutions by typing “c” and then at the “grub>” prompt type “GRUB_DISABLE_LINUX_RECOVERY=true
Add or uncomment this line to prevent “Recovery” mode kernel options from appearing in the menu. If you want option for only one kernel, make a special entry in /etc/grub/40_custom.
GRUB_DISABLE_OS_PROBER=”true” * Enables/disables the os-prober check of other partitions for operating including Windows, Linux, OSX and Hurd.
GRUB_INIT_TUNE=”480 440 1″
Introduced in Grub 1.98 (Lucid)
When uncommented, plays a single beep just prior to the Grub 2 menu display.
The format unless a file is named is: “tempo [pitch1 duration1] [pitch2 duration2] …”
The duration is based on the tempo. A tempo of 60 gives the duration a value of 1 second, 120 is .5, 240 is .125, etc. The length of the tone can be changed by modifying either the tempo (all tones) or duration (individual Just a bit of fun:
Warning: The menu will not be displayed until the tone is finished
Close Encounters/5 Tone: GRUB_INIT_TUNE=”480 900 2 1000 2 800 2 400 2 600 3″
Fur Elise (note long): GRUB_INIT_TUNE=”480 420 1 400 1 420 1 400 1 420 1 315 1 370 1 335 1 282 3 18315 3 213 1 262 1 315 1 335 3 213 1 420 1 400 1 420 1 400 1 420 1 315 1 370 1 335 1 282 3 180 1 215 1 1 330 1 315 1 282 3″
Online documentation is available by typing “info grub –index-search play” in a terminal.
* Entries which are not found in the default file and must be added by the user.
/etc/grub.d/
The files in this folder are read during execution of “update-grub” or “update-grub” commands. The contents imported into /boot/grub/grub.cfg
The order of the entries in the grub menu is based on the order of the file names. File named with a starting run before those beginning with a letter. The order the files are run determines the menu order in grub.cfg.
Custom entries can be added to the “40_custom” file or in a newly created file.
Any file created must be executable in order to be included in the grub.cfg file during the “update-grub
00_header
05_debian_theme: Set background and text colors, themes
10_hurd Locates Hurd kernels
10_linux Locates Linux kernels based on results of the “lsb_release” command.
20_memtest86+: If the file /boot/memtest86+.bin exists, it is included as a menu item.
30_os-prober: Searches for Linux and OS’s on other partitions and includes them in the menu.
40_custom: A template for adding custom menu entries which will be inserted into grub.cfg
“update-grub” command. This and any other custom file must be made executable to allow importati
grub.cfg
