The world is made up of nations or countries with different ideologies and interest. The needs of these nations are varied as indicated by their national interest and values, which leads to conflict situations that require peace between them. According to pirages, “conflict, violence and warfare have been an enduring characteristic of organized societies including nations” it is in realization of the existence of conflicts and wars between or within nations that they often evolve multilateral security arrangements aimed at resolving them.
Conflicts are realities of human interaction. At the early stage of development of society, conflicts were known to have the character of context over space and resources. Overtime and especially pre-colonial era in Africa, the characteristics of conflicts were based on competition for hegemony among various kingdoms, states and empires. While colonialism resolved some of these conflicts, it also sowed the seed of conflicts because African countries became polarized along colonial interest which affects the capacity of Africans to cooperate and live in peace. In post colonial Africa, a good number of conflicts are civil strife or insurgencies arising from contests for political power to secede. Following this, it has become a tradition for external bodies to seek restoration of peace and security through peace-keeping force intervention.
The United Nations organization came into existence in 1945 and was based in New York. It was created in the aftermath of World War II to promote international peace and cooperation. Its roots can be traced back to the League of Nations, which was founded after World War I. with the League being unable to prevent the outbreak of the war (World War II) it was dissolved.
The Essay on Educational Conflicts 1 Teaching Peace To Adults
Educational Conflicts 1, Teaching Peace to Adults Conflict is an everyday part of life, yet in spite of the daily opportunities to master this area of the human experience, many adults fall short of what they would consider successful conflict resolution. By simply reading a newspaper or watching the television news, one recognizes that the lack of effective peace-making skills spans the social ...
The United Nations was officially founded at the conference on international organization covered at San Francisco in April 1945. The charter came into force on the 14th of October after the fifty (50) members Nations represented unanimously, adopted the charter of the organization. It was signed on the 20th of June after a majority of the signatory’s deposited their instrument of ratification.
The United Nations charter has four purposes:
1. To maintain international peace and security.
2. To encourage friendly relations among states based on the principle that all nations have equal rights and are entitled to self determination.
3. To promote international cooperation in solving social, economic, and cultural problems.
4. To serve as an agency through which member states can act to achieve these goals.
The United Nations charter designated six (6) principal organs of the new World organization: The Security council, the general assembly, the secretariat, the economic and social council, the trusteeship and the international court of justice.
The one that is more important to this study is the Security Council. It is composed of five permanent members who are: China, France, Russia, Great Britain and the United States of America. The council has ten (10) non-permanent members elected by the general assembly for a two year term and not eligible for immediate re-election.
The Security Council is the hub of the organization and it was accorded extensive powers to preserve international peace and security. The council investigates disputes and recommends means of settling them peacefully. The Security Council was designated to put teeth into the principle of collective security. The United Nation has a firm commitment to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war which had twice traumatized humanity. Among the ways available to United Nation for peace for the containment of conflicts and restoration of peace is the organization and conduct of peace-keeping operations
The Essay on Peace And Conflict Resolution education 2
Peace and Conflict Resolution (Education) In the article of Victor Goode called: Crisis on the campus: Victor Goode explains what's at stake in the conflict over affirmative action - Colorblind: Higher Education, he reflects the conflict of affirmative action in the life of the American society.Affirmative action appeared as a result of social controversies and inability of the state to provide ...
With the above insight about the United Nations operations, it will be paramount to note that, there is no any defined central United Nations army or force which is saddled with the responsibility of maintaining peace in conflict zones. The finances and the forces (military) needed to run the affairs of the organization and a successful peace keeping operation is gotten through contributions by member states. Nigeria has participated in peace-keeping operations to maintain peace and security in conflict zones in Africa and around the world.
The peace keeping missions of wars and conflict in Darfur and Africa at large has been a subject of significant concern to the international community to cut down conflict in Africa and the rest of the World. The ability of the united community to cut down conflict in Africa and Darfur has been questioned. Without peace, there cannot be development humanly and materially. So no Government can ignore conflict, this is why we need peace in Africa and Darfur as a case study to also see the role played by Nigeria in the peace keeping process in Africa.
Government of African state and international organizations have to design mechanism that allows conflict to be dealt with promptly and efficiently thereby allowing government and these organizations to concentrate on other issues of human development. International organizations like the ECOWAS, African Union, and the United Nations for example have committed themselves to the promotion of the social, cultural and economic welfare of their member states. For example, the United Nations has put in a lot of effort to ensure that conflict in Darfur and some of the African states are to have peace in terms of war or conflict within and among African states. The United Nations has established rules that guide the behaviors and relations of member states.
The United Nations framework that has been designed to deal with inter-state conflict has not been adapted to the exigencies of civil wars and endemic conflict within state, the change in the nature of conflicts has challenged the relevance and primacy of United Nations.
The Term Paper on Developing Early Warning System for Peace and Security in Nigeria
1. Brief Demographic Background of Nigeria: The demographic characteristics of Nigeria set the platform for an understanding of the case for conflict based National early warning system. A historical analysis of major conflicts in Nigeria since independence points to strong linkages to its demographic composition. It has been unarguably regarded as the most populous country in the Africa and also ...
An analysis of the role Nigeria is playing in peace-keeping and conflict management within and outside Africa must necessarily be situated historically and within the context of its foreign policy objectives. Although these objectives have themselves evolved over time, and that an independent, pan-African and anti-colonial foreign policy became increasingly evident during and in the aftermath of the civil war in 1967. The dominant approach to Nigeria’s involvement in peace-keeping and conflict management could be located in the four ‘’concentric circles’’ of national interest. At the core of these circles lies a concern with Nigeria’s own security predicated on the cultivation of good neighborly relations especially with our immediate neighbors: Benin, Cameroun, Chad and Niger. This in recognition that our security is inextricably tied to the security of West Africa, and it is for this reason that the second circle expands to include the whole West African region. Continental Africa then constitutes the third circle, and just like in the previous two circles, the major focus is the promotion of peace, economic integration, development, and the fight against all forms of colonial domination. The fourth and final circle focuses on Nigeria’s relations with bodies and countries outside of Africa
Nigeria on attainment of independence in 1960, became a member state of the United Nation. Her first peace-keeping was in UN operation in Congo (ONUC) from 1960-1964. Since then, she has been contributing to world peace through her participation in international and regional peace-keeping operations such as in Lebanon and Liberia respectively.
Not withstanding the contributions by Nigeria to peace-keeping operations, her participation has been fraught with domestic problems especially in the areas of manpower, funding, and logistics among others. Nigeria has also benefited severally from her participation in peace-keeping operations.
The Term Paper on Peace Keeping Light After Dar
PEACE KEEPING: Light after Darkness This is a report discussing the UN's and other countries, (including Australia) involvement in peace keeping mission through out the world and why they are controversial in today's society. Included are my assessments on peace keeping missions past and present, also possible long-term effects and some possible solutions and recommendations. Table Of Contents ...
The focus of this research therefore, is to look at the peace keeping process of United Nations in Darfur and also the role played by Nigeria in the peace-keeping process in Darfur. We will also look at the strategies that the UN has put in place to help prevent future reoccurrence of such conflict and we will also look at the extent at which Nigeria has gone in the process of peace keeping in Darfur.
The research would also look at the limitations or the weakness faced by Nigeria in the process of Peace Keeping in Darfur.
In conclusion, this research would not claim to be very comprehensive in terms of the range of peace keeping of United Nations in Darfur.
References
1. Dr. Mohammed & D. Enaikele, Nigerian Army Peace keeping operation in Darfur and around the world: the Nigerian army quarterly journal vol.3No.4, institute of army education ikeja cantonment.
2. Muhammed Juma Kuna, The Role of Nigeria in Peace building. conflict resolution, and peace building since 1960. http:ceddert.com(publications/ceddert006.pdf)
3. Best S.G(2005): introduction to peace and conflict studies in west Africa(Ibadan:spectrum in books limited)
4. Boutros Boutros-Ghali(1992) an agenda for peace: preventing diplomacy, peace keeping and peace making. United nations, new York 1992
5. Maj AO Agwu psc- Nigeria in peace support operations: an appraisal. Tankers review. A publication of the Nigerian Armoured corps, Bauchi(vol.5&6 No.6 2009)
6. United nations peace keeping operations: principles and guidelines(2008).
Source: http//www.orgdept/dpko05/05/08
7. United nations department for peace keeping operations. Source:http://www.un.org/dept/dpko/home.shtm
